S&P500 Net Issues Block 3Description:
This indicator calculates and plots net advancers minus decliners for 13 predefined blocks of S&P 500 stocks. Each block represents a sector or a selected subset of stocks.
Features:
Shows net issues (advancers – decliners) for each block separately.
13 blocks plotted with distinct colors for easy identification.
Fully compatible with 1-minute, intraday, or higher timeframe charts.
Ideal for identifying sector momentum and market breadth trends.
Can be used standalone or combined with other indicators such as market indices (e.g., S&P 500 futures or TICK).
Usage:
Green/red/blue/orange lines represent different blocks; positive values indicate more advancing stocks than declining, negative values indicate more declining stocks.
Best viewed on intraday charts for short-term market breadth analysis.
Disclaimer:
This indicator is for educational and analytical purposes only. Not a buy/sell signal. Use proper risk management and verify data before trading.
Tìm kiếm tập lệnh với "美股标普500"
S&P500 Net Issues Block 2Description:
This indicator calculates and plots net advancers minus decliners for 13 predefined blocks of S&P 500 stocks. Each block represents a sector or a selected subset of stocks.
Features:
Shows net issues (advancers – decliners) for each block separately.
13 blocks plotted with distinct colors for easy identification.
Fully compatible with 1-minute, intraday, or higher timeframe charts.
Ideal for identifying sector momentum and market breadth trends.
Can be used standalone or combined with other indicators such as market indices (e.g., S&P 500 futures or TICK).
Usage:
Green/red/blue/orange lines represent different blocks; positive values indicate more advancing stocks than declining, negative values indicate more declining stocks.
Best viewed on intraday charts for short-term market breadth analysis.
Disclaimer:
This indicator is for educational and analytical purposes only. Not a buy/sell signal. Use proper risk management and verify data before trading.
S&P500 Net Issues - Block 1Description:
This indicator calculates and plots net advancers minus decliners for 13 predefined blocks of S&P 500 stocks. Each block represents a sector or a selected subset of stocks.
Features:
Shows net issues (advancers – decliners) for each block separately.
13 blocks plotted with distinct colors for easy identification.
Fully compatible with 1-minute, intraday, or higher timeframe charts.
Ideal for identifying sector momentum and market breadth trends.
Can be used standalone or combined with other indicators such as market indices (e.g., S&P 500 futures or TICK).
Usage:
Green/red/blue/orange lines represent different blocks; positive values indicate more advancing stocks than declining, negative values indicate more declining stocks.
Best viewed on intraday charts for short-term market breadth analysis.
Disclaimer:
This indicator is for educational and analytical purposes only. Not a buy/sell signal. Use proper risk management and verify data before trading.
EMA Cross 99//@version=6
indicator("EMA Strategie (Indikator mit Entry/TP/SL)", overlay=true, max_lines_count=500, max_labels_count=500)
// === Inputs ===
rrRatio = input.float(3.0, "Risk:Reward (TP/SL)", minval=1.0, step=0.5)
sess = input.session("0700-1900", "Trading Session (lokal)")
// === EMAs ===
ema9 = ta.ema(close, 9)
ema50 = ta.ema(close, 50)
ema200 = ta.ema(close, 200)
// === Session ===
inSession = not na(time(timeframe.period, sess))
// === Trend + Cross ===
bullTrend = (ema9 > ema200) and (ema50 > ema200)
bearTrend = (ema9 < ema200) and (ema50 < ema200)
crossUp = ta.crossover(ema9, ema50)
crossDown = ta.crossunder(ema9, ema50)
// === Pullback Confirm ===
longTouch = bullTrend and crossUp and (low <= ema9)
longConfirm = longTouch and (close > open) and (close > ema9)
shortTouch = bearTrend and crossDown and (high >= ema9)
shortConfirm = shortTouch and (close < open) and (close < ema9)
// === Entry Signale ===
longEntry = longConfirm and inSession
shortEntry = shortConfirm and inSession
// === SL & TP Berechnung ===
longSL = ema50
longTP = close + (close - longSL) * rrRatio
shortSL = ema50
shortTP = close - (shortSL - close) * rrRatio
// === Long Markierungen ===
if (longEntry)
// Entry
line.new(bar_index, close, bar_index+20, close, color=color.green, style=line.style_dotted, width=2)
label.new(bar_index, close, "Entry", style=label.style_label_left, color=color.green, textcolor=color.white, size=size.tiny)
// TP
line.new(bar_index, longTP, bar_index+20, longTP, color=color.green, style=line.style_solid, width=2)
label.new(bar_index, longTP, "TP", style=label.style_label_left, color=color.green, textcolor=color.white, size=size.tiny)
// SL
line.new(bar_index, longSL, bar_index+20, longSL, color=color.red, style=line.style_solid, width=2)
label.new(bar_index, longSL, "SL", style=label.style_label_left, color=color.red, textcolor=color.white, size=size.tiny)
// === Short Markierungen ===
if (shortEntry)
// Entry
line.new(bar_index, close, bar_index+20, close, color=color.red, style=line.style_dotted, width=2)
label.new(bar_index, close, "Entry", style=label.style_label_left, color=color.red, textcolor=color.white, size=size.tiny)
// TP
line.new(bar_index, shortTP, bar_index+20, shortTP, color=color.red, style=line.style_solid, width=2)
label.new(bar_index, shortTP, "TP", style=label.style_label_left, color=color.red, textcolor=color.white, size=size.tiny)
// SL
line.new(bar_index, shortSL, bar_index+20, shortSL, color=color.green, style=line.style_solid, width=2)
label.new(bar_index, shortSL, "SL", style=label.style_label_left, color=color.green, textcolor=color.white, size=size.tiny)
// === EMAs anzeigen ===
plot(ema9, "EMA 9", color=color.yellow, linewidth=1)
plot(ema50, "EMA 50", color=color.orange, linewidth=1)
plot(ema200, "EMA 200", color=color.blue, linewidth=1)
// === Alerts ===
alertcondition(longEntry, title="Long Entry", message="EMA Strategie: LONG Einstiegssignal")
alertcondition(shortEntry, title="Short Entry", message="EMA Strategie: SHORT Einstiegssignal")
Parthiban Stock Market Buy V2 - Buy onlyFor BUY, condition
continuos 3 down candle
then forms Indecision candle
next candle close above Indecision candle
price above 500 EMA
For sell, condition
continuos 3 up candle
then forms Indecision candle
next candle close below Indecision candle
price below 500 EMA
Parthiban - Stock Market BuyParthiban - Stock Market Buy
For BUY, condition
continuos 3 down candle
then forms Indecision candle
next candle close above Indecision candle
price above 500 EMA
For sell, condition
continuos 3 up candle
then forms Indecision candle
next candle close below Indecision candle
price below 500 EMA
Small Business Economic Conditions - Statistical Analysis ModelThe Small Business Economic Conditions Statistical Analysis Model (SBO-SAM) represents an econometric approach to measuring and analyzing the economic health of small business enterprises through multi-dimensional factor analysis and statistical methodologies. This indicator synthesizes eight fundamental economic components into a composite index that provides real-time assessment of small business operating conditions with statistical rigor. The model employs Z-score standardization, variance-weighted aggregation, higher-order moment analysis, and regime-switching detection to deliver comprehensive insights into small business economic conditions with statistical confidence intervals and multi-language accessibility.
1. Introduction and Theoretical Foundation
The development of quantitative models for assessing small business economic conditions has gained significant importance in contemporary financial analysis, particularly given the critical role small enterprises play in economic development and employment generation. Small businesses, typically defined as enterprises with fewer than 500 employees according to the U.S. Small Business Administration, constitute approximately 99.9% of all businesses in the United States and employ nearly half of the private workforce (U.S. Small Business Administration, 2024).
The theoretical framework underlying the SBO-SAM model draws extensively from established academic research in small business economics and quantitative finance. The foundational understanding of key drivers affecting small business performance builds upon the seminal work of Dunkelberg and Wade (2023) in their analysis of small business economic trends through the National Federation of Independent Business (NFIB) Small Business Economic Trends survey. Their research established the critical importance of optimism, hiring plans, capital expenditure intentions, and credit availability as primary determinants of small business performance.
The model incorporates insights from Federal Reserve Board research, particularly the Senior Loan Officer Opinion Survey (Federal Reserve Board, 2024), which demonstrates the critical importance of credit market conditions in small business operations. This research consistently shows that small businesses face disproportionate challenges during periods of credit tightening, as they typically lack access to capital markets and rely heavily on bank financing.
The statistical methodology employed in this model follows the econometric principles established by Hamilton (1989) in his work on regime-switching models and time series analysis. Hamilton's framework provides the theoretical foundation for identifying different economic regimes and understanding how economic relationships may vary across different market conditions. The variance-weighted aggregation technique draws from modern portfolio theory as developed by Markowitz (1952) and later refined by Sharpe (1964), applying these concepts to economic indicator construction rather than traditional asset allocation.
Additional theoretical support comes from the work of Engle and Granger (1987) on cointegration analysis, which provides the statistical framework for combining multiple time series while maintaining long-term equilibrium relationships. The model also incorporates insights from behavioral economics research by Kahneman and Tversky (1979) on prospect theory, recognizing that small business decision-making may exhibit systematic biases that affect economic outcomes.
2. Model Architecture and Component Structure
The SBO-SAM model employs eight orthogonalized economic factors that collectively capture the multifaceted nature of small business operating conditions. Each component is normalized using Z-score standardization with a rolling 252-day window, representing approximately one business year of trading data. This approach ensures statistical consistency across different market regimes and economic cycles, following the methodology established by Tsay (2010) in his treatment of financial time series analysis.
2.1 Small Cap Relative Performance Component
The first component measures the performance of the Russell 2000 index relative to the S&P 500, capturing the market-based assessment of small business equity valuations. This component reflects investor sentiment toward smaller enterprises and provides a forward-looking perspective on small business prospects. The theoretical justification for this component stems from the efficient market hypothesis as formulated by Fama (1970), which suggests that stock prices incorporate all available information about future prospects.
The calculation employs a 20-day rate of change with exponential smoothing to reduce noise while preserving signal integrity. The mathematical formulation is:
Small_Cap_Performance = (Russell_2000_t / S&P_500_t) / (Russell_2000_{t-20} / S&P_500_{t-20}) - 1
This relative performance measure eliminates market-wide effects and isolates the specific performance differential between small and large capitalization stocks, providing a pure measure of small business market sentiment.
2.2 Credit Market Conditions Component
Credit Market Conditions constitute the second component, incorporating commercial lending volumes and credit spread dynamics. This factor recognizes that small businesses are particularly sensitive to credit availability and borrowing costs, as established in numerous Federal Reserve studies (Bernanke and Gertler, 1995). Small businesses typically face higher borrowing costs and more stringent lending standards compared to larger enterprises, making credit conditions a critical determinant of their operating environment.
The model calculates credit spreads using high-yield bond ETFs relative to Treasury securities, providing a market-based measure of credit risk premiums that directly affect small business borrowing costs. The component also incorporates commercial and industrial loan growth data from the Federal Reserve's H.8 statistical release, which provides direct evidence of lending activity to businesses.
The mathematical specification combines these elements as:
Credit_Conditions = α₁ × (HYG_t / TLT_t) + α₂ × C&I_Loan_Growth_t
where HYG represents high-yield corporate bond ETF prices, TLT represents long-term Treasury ETF prices, and C&I_Loan_Growth represents the rate of change in commercial and industrial loans outstanding.
2.3 Labor Market Dynamics Component
The Labor Market Dynamics component captures employment cost pressures and labor availability metrics through the relationship between job openings and unemployment claims. This factor acknowledges that labor market tightness significantly impacts small business operations, as these enterprises typically have less flexibility in wage negotiations and face greater challenges in attracting and retaining talent during periods of low unemployment.
The theoretical foundation for this component draws from search and matching theory as developed by Mortensen and Pissarides (1994), which explains how labor market frictions affect employment dynamics. Small businesses often face higher search costs and longer hiring processes, making them particularly sensitive to labor market conditions.
The component is calculated as:
Labor_Tightness = Job_Openings_t / (Unemployment_Claims_t × 52)
This ratio provides a measure of labor market tightness, with higher values indicating greater difficulty in finding workers and potential wage pressures.
2.4 Consumer Demand Strength Component
Consumer Demand Strength represents the fourth component, combining consumer sentiment data with retail sales growth rates. Small businesses are disproportionately affected by consumer spending patterns, making this component crucial for assessing their operating environment. The theoretical justification comes from the permanent income hypothesis developed by Friedman (1957), which explains how consumer spending responds to both current conditions and future expectations.
The model weights consumer confidence and actual spending data to provide both forward-looking sentiment and contemporaneous demand indicators. The specification is:
Demand_Strength = β₁ × Consumer_Sentiment_t + β₂ × Retail_Sales_Growth_t
where β₁ and β₂ are determined through principal component analysis to maximize the explanatory power of the combined measure.
2.5 Input Cost Pressures Component
Input Cost Pressures form the fifth component, utilizing producer price index data to capture inflationary pressures on small business operations. This component is inversely weighted, recognizing that rising input costs negatively impact small business profitability and operating conditions. Small businesses typically have limited pricing power and face challenges in passing through cost increases to customers, making them particularly vulnerable to input cost inflation.
The theoretical foundation draws from cost-push inflation theory as described by Gordon (1988), which explains how supply-side price pressures affect business operations. The model employs a 90-day rate of change to capture medium-term cost trends while filtering out short-term volatility:
Cost_Pressure = -1 × (PPI_t / PPI_{t-90} - 1)
The negative weighting reflects the inverse relationship between input costs and business conditions.
2.6 Monetary Policy Impact Component
Monetary Policy Impact represents the sixth component, incorporating federal funds rates and yield curve dynamics. Small businesses are particularly sensitive to interest rate changes due to their higher reliance on variable-rate financing and limited access to capital markets. The theoretical foundation comes from monetary transmission mechanism theory as developed by Bernanke and Blinder (1992), which explains how monetary policy affects different segments of the economy.
The model calculates the absolute deviation of federal funds rates from a neutral 2% level, recognizing that both extremely low and high rates can create operational challenges for small enterprises. The yield curve component captures the shape of the term structure, which affects both borrowing costs and economic expectations:
Monetary_Impact = γ₁ × |Fed_Funds_Rate_t - 2.0| + γ₂ × (10Y_Yield_t - 2Y_Yield_t)
2.7 Currency Valuation Effects Component
Currency Valuation Effects constitute the seventh component, measuring the impact of US Dollar strength on small business competitiveness. A stronger dollar can benefit businesses with significant import components while disadvantaging exporters. The model employs Dollar Index volatility as a proxy for currency-related uncertainty that affects small business planning and operations.
The theoretical foundation draws from international trade theory and the work of Krugman (1987) on exchange rate effects on different business segments. Small businesses often lack hedging capabilities, making them more vulnerable to currency fluctuations:
Currency_Impact = -1 × DXY_Volatility_t
2.8 Regional Banking Health Component
The eighth and final component, Regional Banking Health, assesses the relative performance of regional banks compared to large financial institutions. Regional banks traditionally serve as primary lenders to small businesses, making their health a critical factor in small business credit availability and overall operating conditions.
This component draws from the literature on relationship banking as developed by Boot (2000), which demonstrates the importance of bank-borrower relationships, particularly for small enterprises. The calculation compares regional bank performance to large financial institutions:
Banking_Health = (Regional_Banks_Index_t / Large_Banks_Index_t) - 1
3. Statistical Methodology and Advanced Analytics
The model employs statistical techniques to ensure robustness and reliability. Z-score normalization is applied to each component using rolling 252-day windows, providing standardized measures that remain consistent across different time periods and market conditions. This approach follows the methodology established by Engle and Granger (1987) in their cointegration analysis framework.
3.1 Variance-Weighted Aggregation
The composite index calculation utilizes variance-weighted aggregation, where component weights are determined by the inverse of their historical variance. This approach, derived from modern portfolio theory, ensures that more stable components receive higher weights while reducing the impact of highly volatile factors. The mathematical formulation follows the principle that optimal weights are inversely proportional to variance, maximizing the signal-to-noise ratio of the composite indicator.
The weight for component i is calculated as:
w_i = (1/σᵢ²) / Σⱼ(1/σⱼ²)
where σᵢ² represents the variance of component i over the lookback period.
3.2 Higher-Order Moment Analysis
Higher-order moment analysis extends beyond traditional mean and variance calculations to include skewness and kurtosis measurements. Skewness provides insight into the asymmetry of the sentiment distribution, while kurtosis measures the tail behavior and potential for extreme events. These metrics offer valuable information about the underlying distribution characteristics and potential regime changes.
Skewness is calculated as:
Skewness = E / σ³
Kurtosis is calculated as:
Kurtosis = E / σ⁴ - 3
where μ represents the mean and σ represents the standard deviation of the distribution.
3.3 Regime-Switching Detection
The model incorporates regime-switching detection capabilities based on the Hamilton (1989) framework. This allows for identification of different economic regimes characterized by distinct statistical properties. The regime classification employs percentile-based thresholds:
- Regime 3 (Very High): Percentile rank > 80
- Regime 2 (High): Percentile rank 60-80
- Regime 1 (Moderate High): Percentile rank 50-60
- Regime 0 (Neutral): Percentile rank 40-50
- Regime -1 (Moderate Low): Percentile rank 30-40
- Regime -2 (Low): Percentile rank 20-30
- Regime -3 (Very Low): Percentile rank < 20
3.4 Information Theory Applications
The model incorporates information theory concepts, specifically Shannon entropy measurement, to assess the information content of the sentiment distribution. Shannon entropy, as developed by Shannon (1948), provides a measure of the uncertainty or information content in a probability distribution:
H(X) = -Σᵢ p(xᵢ) log₂ p(xᵢ)
Higher entropy values indicate greater unpredictability and information content in the sentiment series.
3.5 Long-Term Memory Analysis
The Hurst exponent calculation provides insight into the long-term memory characteristics of the sentiment series. Originally developed by Hurst (1951) for analyzing Nile River flow patterns, this measure has found extensive application in financial time series analysis. The Hurst exponent H is calculated using the rescaled range statistic:
H = log(R/S) / log(T)
where R/S represents the rescaled range and T represents the time period. Values of H > 0.5 indicate long-term positive autocorrelation (persistence), while H < 0.5 indicates mean-reverting behavior.
3.6 Structural Break Detection
The model employs Chow test approximation for structural break detection, based on the methodology developed by Chow (1960). This technique identifies potential structural changes in the underlying relationships by comparing the stability of regression parameters across different time periods:
Chow_Statistic = (RSS_restricted - RSS_unrestricted) / RSS_unrestricted × (n-2k)/k
where RSS represents residual sum of squares, n represents sample size, and k represents the number of parameters.
4. Implementation Parameters and Configuration
4.1 Language Selection Parameters
The model provides comprehensive multi-language support across five languages: English, German (Deutsch), Spanish (Español), French (Français), and Japanese (日本語). This feature enhances accessibility for international users and ensures cultural appropriateness in terminology usage. The language selection affects all internal displays, statistical classifications, and alert messages while maintaining consistency in underlying calculations.
4.2 Model Configuration Parameters
Calculation Method: Users can select from four aggregation methodologies:
- Equal-Weighted: All components receive identical weights
- Variance-Weighted: Components weighted inversely to their historical variance
- Principal Component: Weights determined through principal component analysis
- Dynamic: Adaptive weighting based on recent performance
Sector Specification: The model allows for sector-specific calibration:
- General: Broad-based small business assessment
- Retail: Emphasis on consumer demand and seasonal factors
- Manufacturing: Enhanced weighting of input costs and currency effects
- Services: Focus on labor market dynamics and consumer demand
- Construction: Emphasis on credit conditions and monetary policy
Lookback Period: Statistical analysis window ranging from 126 to 504 trading days, with 252 days (one business year) as the optimal default based on academic research.
Smoothing Period: Exponential moving average period from 1 to 21 days, with 5 days providing optimal noise reduction while preserving signal integrity.
4.3 Statistical Threshold Parameters
Upper Statistical Boundary: Configurable threshold between 60-80 (default 70) representing the upper significance level for regime classification.
Lower Statistical Boundary: Configurable threshold between 20-40 (default 30) representing the lower significance level for regime classification.
Statistical Significance Level (α): Alpha level for statistical tests, configurable between 0.01-0.10 with 0.05 as the standard academic default.
4.4 Display and Visualization Parameters
Color Theme Selection: Eight professional color schemes optimized for different user preferences and accessibility requirements:
- Gold: Traditional financial industry colors
- EdgeTools: Professional blue-gray scheme
- Behavioral: Psychology-based color mapping
- Quant: Value-based quantitative color scheme
- Ocean: Blue-green maritime theme
- Fire: Warm red-orange theme
- Matrix: Green-black technology theme
- Arctic: Cool blue-white theme
Dark Mode Optimization: Automatic color adjustment for dark chart backgrounds, ensuring optimal readability across different viewing conditions.
Line Width Configuration: Main index line thickness adjustable from 1-5 pixels for optimal visibility.
Background Intensity: Transparency control for statistical regime backgrounds, adjustable from 90-99% for subtle visual enhancement without distraction.
4.5 Alert System Configuration
Alert Frequency Options: Three frequency settings to match different trading styles:
- Once Per Bar: Single alert per bar formation
- Once Per Bar Close: Alert only on confirmed bar close
- All: Continuous alerts for real-time monitoring
Statistical Extreme Alerts: Notifications when the index reaches 99% confidence levels (Z-score > 2.576 or < -2.576).
Regime Transition Alerts: Notifications when statistical boundaries are crossed, indicating potential regime changes.
5. Practical Application and Interpretation Guidelines
5.1 Index Interpretation Framework
The SBO-SAM index operates on a 0-100 scale with statistical normalization ensuring consistent interpretation across different time periods and market conditions. Values above 70 indicate statistically elevated small business conditions, suggesting favorable operating environment with potential for expansion and growth. Values below 30 indicate statistically reduced conditions, suggesting challenging operating environment with potential constraints on business activity.
The median reference line at 50 represents the long-term equilibrium level, with deviations providing insight into cyclical conditions relative to historical norms. The statistical confidence bands at 95% levels (approximately ±2 standard deviations) help identify when conditions reach statistically significant extremes.
5.2 Regime Classification System
The model employs a seven-level regime classification system based on percentile rankings:
Very High Regime (P80+): Exceptional small business conditions, typically associated with strong economic growth, easy credit availability, and favorable regulatory environment. Historical analysis suggests these periods often precede economic peaks and may warrant caution regarding sustainability.
High Regime (P60-80): Above-average conditions supporting business expansion and investment. These periods typically feature moderate growth, stable credit conditions, and positive consumer sentiment.
Moderate High Regime (P50-60): Slightly above-normal conditions with mixed signals. Careful monitoring of individual components helps identify emerging trends.
Neutral Regime (P40-50): Balanced conditions near long-term equilibrium. These periods often represent transition phases between different economic cycles.
Moderate Low Regime (P30-40): Slightly below-normal conditions with emerging headwinds. Early warning signals may appear in credit conditions or consumer demand.
Low Regime (P20-30): Below-average conditions suggesting challenging operating environment. Businesses may face constraints on growth and expansion.
Very Low Regime (P0-20): Severely constrained conditions, typically associated with economic recessions or financial crises. These periods often present opportunities for contrarian positioning.
5.3 Component Analysis and Diagnostics
Individual component analysis provides valuable diagnostic information about the underlying drivers of overall conditions. Divergences between components can signal emerging trends or structural changes in the economy.
Credit-Labor Divergence: When credit conditions improve while labor markets tighten, this may indicate early-stage economic acceleration with potential wage pressures.
Demand-Cost Divergence: Strong consumer demand coupled with rising input costs suggests inflationary pressures that may constrain small business margins.
Market-Fundamental Divergence: Disconnection between small-cap equity performance and fundamental conditions may indicate market inefficiencies or changing investor sentiment.
5.4 Temporal Analysis and Trend Identification
The model provides multiple temporal perspectives through momentum analysis, rate of change calculations, and trend decomposition. The 20-day momentum indicator helps identify short-term directional changes, while the Hodrick-Prescott filter approximation separates cyclical components from long-term trends.
Acceleration analysis through second-order momentum calculations provides early warning signals for potential trend reversals. Positive acceleration during declining conditions may indicate approaching inflection points, while negative acceleration during improving conditions may suggest momentum loss.
5.5 Statistical Confidence and Uncertainty Quantification
The model provides comprehensive uncertainty quantification through confidence intervals, volatility measures, and regime stability analysis. The 95% confidence bands help users understand the statistical significance of current readings and identify when conditions reach historically extreme levels.
Volatility analysis provides insight into the stability of current conditions, with higher volatility indicating greater uncertainty and potential for rapid changes. The regime stability measure, calculated as the inverse of volatility, helps assess the sustainability of current conditions.
6. Risk Management and Limitations
6.1 Model Limitations and Assumptions
The SBO-SAM model operates under several important assumptions that users must understand for proper interpretation. The model assumes that historical relationships between economic variables remain stable over time, though the regime-switching framework helps accommodate some structural changes. The 252-day lookback period provides reasonable statistical power while maintaining sensitivity to changing conditions, but may not capture longer-term structural shifts.
The model's reliance on publicly available economic data introduces inherent lags in some components, particularly those based on government statistics. Users should consider these timing differences when interpreting real-time conditions. Additionally, the model's focus on quantitative factors may not fully capture qualitative factors such as regulatory changes, geopolitical events, or technological disruptions that could significantly impact small business conditions.
The model's timeframe restrictions ensure statistical validity by preventing application to intraday periods where the underlying economic relationships may be distorted by market microstructure effects, trading noise, and temporal misalignment with the fundamental data sources. Users must utilize daily or longer timeframes to ensure the model's statistical foundations remain valid and interpretable.
6.2 Data Quality and Reliability Considerations
The model's accuracy depends heavily on the quality and availability of underlying economic data. Market-based components such as equity indices and bond prices provide real-time information but may be subject to short-term volatility unrelated to fundamental conditions. Economic statistics provide more stable fundamental information but may be subject to revisions and reporting delays.
Users should be aware that extreme market conditions may temporarily distort some components, particularly those based on financial market data. The model's statistical normalization helps mitigate these effects, but users should exercise additional caution during periods of market stress or unusual volatility.
6.3 Interpretation Caveats and Best Practices
The SBO-SAM model provides statistical analysis and should not be interpreted as investment advice or predictive forecasting. The model's output represents an assessment of current conditions based on historical relationships and may not accurately predict future outcomes. Users should combine the model's insights with other analytical tools and fundamental analysis for comprehensive decision-making.
The model's regime classifications are based on historical percentile rankings and may not fully capture the unique characteristics of current economic conditions. Users should consider the broader economic context and potential structural changes when interpreting regime classifications.
7. Academic References and Bibliography
Bernanke, B. S., & Blinder, A. S. (1992). The Federal Funds Rate and the Channels of Monetary Transmission. American Economic Review, 82(4), 901-921.
Bernanke, B. S., & Gertler, M. (1995). Inside the Black Box: The Credit Channel of Monetary Policy Transmission. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 9(4), 27-48.
Boot, A. W. A. (2000). Relationship Banking: What Do We Know? Journal of Financial Intermediation, 9(1), 7-25.
Chow, G. C. (1960). Tests of Equality Between Sets of Coefficients in Two Linear Regressions. Econometrica, 28(3), 591-605.
Dunkelberg, W. C., & Wade, H. (2023). NFIB Small Business Economic Trends. National Federation of Independent Business Research Foundation, Washington, D.C.
Engle, R. F., & Granger, C. W. J. (1987). Co-integration and Error Correction: Representation, Estimation, and Testing. Econometrica, 55(2), 251-276.
Fama, E. F. (1970). Efficient Capital Markets: A Review of Theory and Empirical Work. Journal of Finance, 25(2), 383-417.
Federal Reserve Board. (2024). Senior Loan Officer Opinion Survey on Bank Lending Practices. Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, Washington, D.C.
Friedman, M. (1957). A Theory of the Consumption Function. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.
Gordon, R. J. (1988). The Role of Wages in the Inflation Process. American Economic Review, 78(2), 276-283.
Hamilton, J. D. (1989). A New Approach to the Economic Analysis of Nonstationary Time Series and the Business Cycle. Econometrica, 57(2), 357-384.
Hurst, H. E. (1951). Long-term Storage Capacity of Reservoirs. Transactions of the American Society of Civil Engineers, 116(1), 770-799.
Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (1979). Prospect Theory: An Analysis of Decision under Risk. Econometrica, 47(2), 263-291.
Krugman, P. (1987). Pricing to Market When the Exchange Rate Changes. In S. W. Arndt & J. D. Richardson (Eds.), Real-Financial Linkages among Open Economies (pp. 49-70). MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.
Markowitz, H. (1952). Portfolio Selection. Journal of Finance, 7(1), 77-91.
Mortensen, D. T., & Pissarides, C. A. (1994). Job Creation and Job Destruction in the Theory of Unemployment. Review of Economic Studies, 61(3), 397-415.
Shannon, C. E. (1948). A Mathematical Theory of Communication. Bell System Technical Journal, 27(3), 379-423.
Sharpe, W. F. (1964). Capital Asset Prices: A Theory of Market Equilibrium under Conditions of Risk. Journal of Finance, 19(3), 425-442.
Tsay, R. S. (2010). Analysis of Financial Time Series (3rd ed.). John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, NJ.
U.S. Small Business Administration. (2024). Small Business Profile. Office of Advocacy, Washington, D.C.
8. Technical Implementation Notes
The SBO-SAM model is implemented in Pine Script version 6 for the TradingView platform, ensuring compatibility with modern charting and analysis tools. The implementation follows best practices for financial indicator development, including proper error handling, data validation, and performance optimization.
The model includes comprehensive timeframe validation to ensure statistical accuracy and reliability. The indicator operates exclusively on daily (1D) timeframes or higher, including weekly (1W), monthly (1M), and longer periods. This restriction ensures that the statistical analysis maintains appropriate temporal resolution for the underlying economic data sources, which are primarily reported on daily or longer intervals.
When users attempt to apply the model to intraday timeframes (such as 1-minute, 5-minute, 15-minute, 30-minute, 1-hour, 2-hour, 4-hour, 6-hour, 8-hour, or 12-hour charts), the system displays a comprehensive error message in the user's selected language and prevents execution. This safeguard protects users from potentially misleading results that could occur when applying daily-based economic analysis to shorter timeframes where the underlying data relationships may not hold.
The model's statistical calculations are performed using vectorized operations where possible to ensure computational efficiency. The multi-language support system employs Unicode character encoding to ensure proper display of international characters across different platforms and devices.
The alert system utilizes TradingView's native alert functionality, providing users with flexible notification options including email, SMS, and webhook integrations. The alert messages include comprehensive statistical information to support informed decision-making.
The model's visualization system employs professional color schemes designed for optimal readability across different chart backgrounds and display devices. The system includes dynamic color transitions based on momentum and volatility, professional glow effects for enhanced line visibility, and transparency controls that allow users to customize the visual intensity to match their preferences and analytical requirements. The clean confidence band implementation provides clear statistical boundaries without visual distractions, maintaining focus on the analytical content.
主力资金进出监控器Main Capital Flow Monitor-MEWINSIGHTMain Capital Flow Monitor Indicator
Indicator Description
This indicator utilizes a multi-cycle composite weighting algorithm to accurately capture the movement of main capital in and out of key price zones. The core logic is built upon three dimensions:
Multi-Cycle Pressure/Support System
Using triple timeframes (500-day/250-day/90-day) to calculate:
Long-term resistance lines (VAR1-3): Monitoring historical high resistance zones
Long-term support lines (VAR4-6): Identifying historical low support zones
EMA21 smoothing is applied to eliminate short-term fluctuations
Dynamic Capital Activity Engine
Proprietary VARD volatility algorithm:
VARD = EMA
Automatically amplifies volatility sensitivity by 10x when price approaches the safety margin (VARA×1.35), precisely capturing abnormal main capital movements
Capital Inflow Trigger Mechanism
Capital entry signals require simultaneous fulfillment of:
Price touching 30-day low zone (VARE)
Capital activity breaking recent peaks (VARF)
Weighted capital flow verified through triple EMA:
Capital Entry = EMA / 618
Visualization:
Green histogram: Continuous main capital inflow
Red histogram: Abnormal daily capital movement intensity
Column height intuitively displays capital strength
Application Scenarios:
Consecutive green columns → Main capital accumulation at bottom
Sudden expansion of red columns → Abnormal main capital rush
Continuous fluctuations near zero axis → Main capital washing phase
Core Value:
Provides 1-3 trading days early warning of main capital movements, suitable for:
Medium/long-term investors identifying main capital accumulation zones
Short-term traders capturing abnormal main capital breakouts
Risk control avoiding main capital distribution phases
Parameter Notes: Default parameters are optimized through historical A-share market backtesting. Users can adjust cycle parameters according to different market characteristics (suggest extending cycles by 20% for European/American markets).
Formula Features:
Multi-timeframe weighted synthesis technology
Dynamic sensitivity adjustment mechanism
Main capital activity intensity quantification
Early warning function for capital movements
Suitable Markets:
Stocks, futures, cryptocurrencies and other financial markets with obvious main capital characteristics.
指标名称：主力资金进出监控器
指标描述：
本指标通过多周期复合加权算法，精准捕捉主力资金在关键价格区域的进出动向。核心逻辑基于三大维度构建：
多周期压力/支撑体系
通过500日/250日/90日三重时间框架，分别计算：
长期压力线（VAR1-3）：监控历史高位阻力区
长期支撑线（VAR4-6）：识别历史低位承接区
采用EMA21平滑处理，消除短期波动干扰
动态资金活跃度引擎
独创VARD波动率算法：
当价格接近安全边际（VARA×1.35）时自动放大波动敏感度10倍，精准捕捉主力异动
资金进场触发机制
资金入场信号需同时满足：
价格触及30日最低区域（VARE）
资金活跃度突破近期峰值（VARF）
通过三重EMA验证的加权资金流：
资金入场 = EMA / 618
可视化呈现：
绿色柱状图：主力资金持续流入
红色柱状图：当日资金异动量级
柱体高度直观显示资金强度
使用场景：
绿色柱体连续出现 → 主力底部吸筹
红色柱体突然放大 → 主力异动抢筹
零轴附近持续波动 → 主力洗盘阶段
核心价值：
提前1-3个交易日预警主力资金动向，适用于：
中长线投资者识别主力建仓区间
短线交易者捕捉主力异动突破
风险控制规避主力出货阶段
参数说明：默认参数经A股历史数据回测优化，用户可根据不同市场特性调整周期参数（建议欧美市场延长周期20%）
Relative Strength vs. Benchmark (相對強度)This "Relative Strength vs. Benchmark" indicator helps you see a stock's true performance against a benchmark (like the S&P 500) at a glance. By calculating the price ratio between the two, it strips away the overall market noise, allowing you to focus on identifying true market leaders and underperforming laggards.
How It Works
Core Formula: Relative Strength = Stock Price / Benchmark Index Price
A Rising Line: Means the stock is outperforming the benchmark.
A Falling Line: Means the stock is underperforming the benchmark.
The indicator also includes a Moving Average (MA) of the Relative Strength line itself. This MA helps to confirm the trend of relative strength and filter out short-term noise.
How to Use
Find Market Leaders: When the market is in an uptrend or consolidating, look for stocks whose RS line is breaking out to new highs.
Avoid Laggards: If the RS line is consistently below its moving average or making new lows, the stock is significantly underperforming the market and should be treated with caution.
Trend Change Signals: A cross of the RS line above its MA can be seen as a signal that a new trend of relative outperformance is beginning. A cross below suggests the trend is weakening.
Features & Settings
Customizable Benchmark: You can change the default benchmark from TWSE:TSE to any symbol you need, such as SP:SPX for the S&P 500 or NASDAQ:NDX for the Nasdaq 100.
Adjustable MA Length: Customize the period for the RS Moving Average to fit your trading style (short-term or long-term).
Visual Toggle: Easily turn the colored background fill on or off according to your preference.
Hope you find this tool helpful in your analysis!
Bar Index & TimeLibrary to convert a bar index to a timestamp and vice versa.
Utilizes runtime memory to store the 𝚝𝚒𝚖𝚎 and 𝚝𝚒𝚖𝚎_𝚌𝚕𝚘𝚜𝚎 values of every bar on the chart (and optional future bars), with the ability of storing additional custom values for every chart bar.
█ PREFACE
This library aims to tackle some problems that pine coders (from beginners to advanced) often come across, such as:
I'm trying to draw an object with a 𝚋𝚊𝚛_𝚒𝚗𝚍𝚎𝚡 that is more than 10,000 bars into the past, but this causes my script to fail. How can I convert the 𝚋𝚊𝚛_𝚒𝚗𝚍𝚎𝚡 to a UNIX time so that I can draw visuals using xloc.bar_time ?
I have a diagonal line drawing and I want to get the "y" value at a specific time, but line.get_price() only accepts a bar index value. How can I convert the timestamp into a bar index value so that I can still use this function?
I want to get a previous 𝚘𝚙𝚎𝚗 value that occurred at a specific timestamp. How can I convert the timestamp into a historical offset so that I can use 𝚘𝚙𝚎𝚗 ?
I want to reference a very old value for a variable. How can I access a previous value that is older than the maximum historical buffer size of 𝚟𝚊𝚛𝚒𝚊𝚋𝚕𝚎 ?
This library can solve the above problems (and many more) with the addition of a few lines of code, rather than requiring the coder to refactor their script to accommodate the limitations.
█ OVERVIEW
The core functionality provided is conversion between xloc.bar_index and xloc.bar_time values.
The main component of the library is the 𝙲𝚑𝚊𝚛𝚝𝙳𝚊𝚝𝚊 object, created via the 𝚌𝚘𝚕𝚕𝚎𝚌𝚝𝙲𝚑𝚊𝚛𝚝𝙳𝚊𝚝𝚊() function which basically stores the 𝚝𝚒𝚖𝚎 and 𝚝𝚒𝚖𝚎_𝚌𝚕𝚘𝚜𝚎 of every bar on the chart, and there are 3 more overloads to this function that allow collecting and storing additional data. Once a 𝙲𝚑𝚊𝚛𝚝𝙳𝚊𝚝𝚊 object is created, use any of the exported methods:
Methods to convert a UNIX timestamp into a bar index or bar offset:
𝚝𝚒𝚖𝚎𝚜𝚝𝚊𝚖𝚙𝚃𝚘𝙱𝚊𝚛𝙸𝚗𝚍𝚎𝚡(), 𝚐𝚎𝚝𝙽𝚞𝚖𝚋𝚎𝚛𝙾𝚏𝙱𝚊𝚛𝚜𝙱𝚊𝚌𝚔()
Methods to retrieve the stored data for a bar index:
𝚝𝚒𝚖𝚎𝙰𝚝𝙱𝚊𝚛𝙸𝚗𝚍𝚎𝚡(), 𝚝𝚒𝚖𝚎𝙲𝚕𝚘𝚜𝚎𝙰𝚝𝙱𝚊𝚛𝙸𝚗𝚍𝚎𝚡(), 𝚟𝚊𝚕𝚞𝚎𝙰𝚝𝙱𝚊𝚛𝙸𝚗𝚍𝚎𝚡(), 𝚐𝚎𝚝𝙰𝚕𝚕𝚅𝚊𝚛𝚒𝚊𝚋𝚕𝚎𝚜𝙰𝚝𝙱𝚊𝚛𝙸𝚗𝚍𝚎𝚡()
Methods to retrieve the stored data at a number of bars back (i.e., historical offset):
𝚝𝚒𝚖𝚎(), 𝚝𝚒𝚖𝚎𝙲𝚕𝚘𝚜𝚎(), 𝚟𝚊𝚕𝚞𝚎()
Methods to retrieve all the data points from the earliest bar (or latest bar) stored in memory, which can be useful for debugging purposes:
𝚐𝚎𝚝𝙴𝚊𝚛𝚕𝚒𝚎𝚜𝚝𝚂𝚝𝚘𝚛𝚎𝚍𝙳𝚊𝚝𝚊(), 𝚐𝚎𝚝𝙻𝚊𝚝𝚎𝚜𝚝𝚂𝚝𝚘𝚛𝚎𝚍𝙳𝚊𝚝𝚊()
Note: the library's strong suit is referencing data from very old bars in the past, which is especially useful for scripts that perform its necessary calculations only on the last bar.
█ USAGE
Step 1
Import the library. Replace with the latest available version number for this library.
//@version=6
indicator("Usage")
import n00btraders/ChartData/
Step 2
Create a 𝙲𝚑𝚊𝚛𝚝𝙳𝚊𝚝𝚊 object to collect data on every bar. Do not declare as `var` or `varip`.
chartData = ChartData.collectChartData() // call on every bar to accumulate the necessary data
Step 3
Call any method(s) on the 𝙲𝚑𝚊𝚛𝚝𝙳𝚊𝚝𝚊 object. Do not modify its fields directly.
if barstate.islast
int firstBarTime = chartData.timeAtBarIndex(0)
int lastBarTime = chartData.time(0)
log.info("First `time`: " + str.format_time(firstBarTime) + ", Last `time`: " + str.format_time(lastBarTime))
█ EXAMPLES
• Collect Future Times
The overloaded 𝚌𝚘𝚕𝚕𝚎𝚌𝚝𝙲𝚑𝚊𝚛𝚝𝙳𝚊𝚝𝚊() functions that accept a 𝚋𝚊𝚛𝚜𝙵𝚘𝚛𝚠𝚊𝚛𝚍 argument can additionally store time values for up to 500 bars into the future.
//@version=6
indicator("Example `collectChartData(barsForward)`")
import n00btraders/ChartData/1
chartData = ChartData.collectChartData(barsForward = 500)
var rectangle = box.new(na, na, na, na, xloc = xloc.bar_time, force_overlay = true)
if barstate.islast
int futureTime = chartData.timeAtBarIndex(bar_index + 100)
int lastBarTime = time
box.set_lefttop(rectangle, lastBarTime, open)
box.set_rightbottom(rectangle, futureTime, close)
box.set_text(rectangle, "Extending box 100 bars to the right. Time: " + str.format_time(futureTime))
• Collect Custom Data
The overloaded 𝚌𝚘𝚕𝚕𝚎𝚌𝚝𝙲𝚑𝚊𝚛𝚝𝙳𝚊𝚝𝚊() functions that accept a 𝚟𝚊𝚛𝚒𝚊𝚋𝚕𝚎𝚜 argument can additionally store custom user-specified values for every bar on the chart.
//@version=6
indicator("Example `collectChartData(variables)`")
import n00btraders/ChartData/1
var map variables = map.new()
variables.put("open", open)
variables.put("close", close)
variables.put("open-close midpoint", (open + close) / 2)
variables.put("boolean", open > close ? 1 : 0)
chartData = ChartData.collectChartData(variables = variables)
var fgColor = chart.fg_color
var table1 = table.new(position.top_right, 2, 9, color(na), fgColor, 1, fgColor, 1, true)
var table2 = table.new(position.bottom_right, 2, 9, color(na), fgColor, 1, fgColor, 1, true)
if barstate.isfirst
table.cell(table1, 0, 0, "ChartData.value()", text_color = fgColor)
table.cell(table2, 0, 0, "open ", text_color = fgColor)
table.merge_cells(table1, 0, 0, 1, 0)
table.merge_cells(table2, 0, 0, 1, 0)
for i = 1 to 8
table.cell(table1, 0, i, text_color = fgColor, text_halign = text.align_left, text_font_family = font.family_monospace)
table.cell(table2, 0, i, text_color = fgColor, text_halign = text.align_left, text_font_family = font.family_monospace)
table.cell(table1, 1, i, text_color = fgColor)
table.cell(table2, 1, i, text_color = fgColor)
if barstate.islast
for i = 1 to 8
float open1 = chartData.value("open", 5000 * i)
float open2 = i < 3 ? open : -1
table.cell_set_text(table1, 0, i, "chartData.value(\"open\", " + str.tostring(5000 * i) + "): ")
table.cell_set_text(table2, 0, i, "open : ")
table.cell_set_text(table1, 1, i, str.tostring(open1))
table.cell_set_text(table2, 1, i, open2 >= 0 ? str.tostring(open2) : "Error")
• xloc.bar_index → xloc.bar_time
The 𝚝𝚒𝚖𝚎 value (or 𝚝𝚒𝚖𝚎_𝚌𝚕𝚘𝚜𝚎 value) can be retrieved for any bar index that is stored in memory by the 𝙲𝚑𝚊𝚛𝚝𝙳𝚊𝚝𝚊 object.
//@version=6
indicator("Example `timeAtBarIndex()`")
import n00btraders/ChartData/1
chartData = ChartData.collectChartData()
if barstate.islast
int start = bar_index - 15000
int end = bar_index - 100
// line.new(start, close, end, close) // !ERROR - `start` value is too far from current bar index
start := chartData.timeAtBarIndex(start)
end := chartData.timeAtBarIndex(end)
line.new(start, close, end, close, xloc.bar_time, width = 10)
• xloc.bar_time → xloc.bar_index
Use 𝚝𝚒𝚖𝚎𝚜𝚝𝚊𝚖𝚙𝚃𝚘𝙱𝚊𝚛𝙸𝚗𝚍𝚎𝚡() to find the bar that a timestamp belongs to.
If the timestamp falls in between the close of one bar and the open of the next bar,
the 𝚜𝚗𝚊𝚙 parameter can be used to determine which bar to choose:
𝚂𝚗𝚊𝚙.𝙻𝙴𝙵𝚃 - prefer to choose the leftmost bar (typically used for closing times)
𝚂𝚗𝚊𝚙.𝚁𝙸𝙶𝙷𝚃 - prefer to choose the rightmost bar (typically used for opening times)
𝚂𝚗𝚊𝚙.𝙳𝙴𝙵𝙰𝚄𝙻𝚃 (or 𝚗𝚊) - copies the same behavior as xloc.bar_time uses for drawing objects
//@version=6
indicator("Example `timestampToBarIndex()`")
import n00btraders/ChartData/1
startTimeInput = input.time(timestamp("01 Aug 2025 08:30 -0500"), "Session Start Time")
endTimeInput = input.time(timestamp("01 Aug 2025 15:15 -0500"), "Session End Time")
chartData = ChartData.collectChartData()
if barstate.islastconfirmedhistory
int startBarIndex = chartData.timestampToBarIndex(startTimeInput, ChartData.Snap.RIGHT)
int endBarIndex = chartData.timestampToBarIndex(endTimeInput, ChartData.Snap.LEFT)
line1 = line.new(startBarIndex, 0, startBarIndex, 1, extend = extend.both, color = color.new(color.green, 60), force_overlay = true)
line2 = line.new(endBarIndex, 0, endBarIndex, 1, extend = extend.both, color = color.new(color.green, 60), force_overlay = true)
linefill.new(line1, line2, color.new(color.green, 90))
// using Snap.DEFAULT to show that it is equivalent to drawing lines using `xloc.bar_time` (i.e., it aligns to the same bars)
startBarIndex := chartData.timestampToBarIndex(startTimeInput)
endBarIndex := chartData.timestampToBarIndex(endTimeInput)
line.new(startBarIndex, 0, startBarIndex, 1, extend = extend.both, color = color.yellow, width = 3)
line.new(endBarIndex, 0, endBarIndex, 1, extend = extend.both, color = color.yellow, width = 3)
line.new(startTimeInput, 0, startTimeInput, 1, xloc.bar_time, extend.both, color.new(color.blue, 85), width = 11)
line.new(endTimeInput, 0, endTimeInput, 1, xloc.bar_time, extend.both, color.new(color.blue, 85), width = 11)
• Get Price of Line at Timestamp
The pine script built-in function line.get_price() requires working with bar index values. To get the price of a line in terms of a timestamp, convert the timestamp into a bar index or offset.
//@version=6
indicator("Example `line.get_price()` at timestamp")
import n00btraders/ChartData/1
lineStartInput = input.time(timestamp("01 Aug 2025 08:30 -0500"), "Line Start")
chartData = ChartData.collectChartData()
var diagonal = line.new(na, na, na, na, force_overlay = true)
if time <= lineStartInput
line.set_xy1(diagonal, bar_index, open)
if barstate.islastconfirmedhistory
line.set_xy2(diagonal, bar_index, close)
if barstate.islast
int timeOneWeekAgo = timenow - (7 * timeframe.in_seconds("1D") * 1000)
// Note: could also use `timetampToBarIndex(timeOneWeekAgo, Snap.DEFAULT)` and pass the value directly to `line.get_price()`
int barsOneWeekAgo = chartData.getNumberOfBarsBack(timeOneWeekAgo)
float price = line.get_price(diagonal, bar_index - barsOneWeekAgo)
string formatString = "Time 1 week ago: {0,number,#}\n - Equivalent to {1} bars ago\n\n𝚕𝚒𝚗𝚎.𝚐𝚎𝚝_𝚙𝚛𝚒𝚌𝚎(): {2,number,#.##}"
string labelText = str.format(formatString, timeOneWeekAgo, barsOneWeekAgo, price)
label.new(timeOneWeekAgo, price, labelText, xloc.bar_time, style = label.style_label_lower_right, size = 16, textalign = text.align_left, force_overlay = true)
█ RUNTIME ERROR MESSAGES
This library's functions will generate a custom runtime error message in the following cases:
𝚌𝚘𝚕𝚕𝚎𝚌𝚝𝙲𝚑𝚊𝚛𝚝𝙳𝚊𝚝𝚊() is not called consecutively, or is called more than once on a single bar
Invalid 𝚋𝚊𝚛𝚜𝙵𝚘𝚛𝚠𝚊𝚛𝚍 argument in the 𝚌𝚘𝚕𝚕𝚎𝚌𝚝𝙲𝚑𝚊𝚛𝚝𝙳𝚊𝚝𝚊() function
Invalid 𝚟𝚊𝚛𝚒𝚊𝚋𝚕𝚎𝚜 argument in the 𝚌𝚘𝚕𝚕𝚎𝚌𝚝𝙲𝚑𝚊𝚛𝚝𝙳𝚊𝚝𝚊() function
Invalid 𝚕𝚎𝚗𝚐𝚝𝚑 argument in any of the functions that accept a number of bars back
Note: there is no runtime error generated for an invalid 𝚝𝚒𝚖𝚎𝚜𝚝𝚊𝚖𝚙 or 𝚋𝚊𝚛𝙸𝚗𝚍𝚎𝚡 argument in any of the functions. Instead, the functions will assign 𝚗𝚊 to the returned values.
Any other runtime errors are due to incorrect usage of the library.
█ NOTES
• Function Descriptions
The library source code uses Markdown for the exported functions. Hover over a function/method call in the Pine Editor to display formatted, detailed information about the function/method.
//@version=6
indicator("Demo Function Tooltip")
import n00btraders/ChartData/1
chartData = ChartData.collectChartData()
int barIndex = chartData.timestampToBarIndex(timenow)
log.info(str.tostring(barIndex))
• Historical vs. Realtime Behavior
Under the hood, the data collector for this library is declared as `var`. Because of this, the 𝙲𝚑𝚊𝚛𝚝𝙳𝚊𝚝𝚊 object will always reflect the latest available data on realtime updates. Any data that is recorded for historical bars will remain unchanged throughout the execution of a script.
//@version=6
indicator("Demo Realtime Behavior")
import n00btraders/ChartData/1
var map variables = map.new()
variables.put("open", open)
variables.put("close", close)
chartData = ChartData.collectChartData(variables)
if barstate.isrealtime
varip float initialOpen = open
varip float initialClose = close
varip int updateCount = 0
updateCount += 1
float latestOpen = open
float latestClose = close
float recordedOpen = chartData.valueAtBarIndex("open", bar_index)
float recordedClose = chartData.valueAtBarIndex("close", bar_index)
string formatString = "# of updates: {0}\n\n𝚘𝚙𝚎𝚗 at update #1: {1,number,#.##}\n𝚌𝚕𝚘𝚜𝚎 at update #1: {2,number,#.##}\n\n"
+ "𝚘𝚙𝚎𝚗 at update #{0}: {3,number,#.##}\n𝚌𝚕𝚘𝚜𝚎 at update #{0}: {4,number,#.##}\n\n"
+ "𝚘𝚙𝚎𝚗 stored in memory: {5,number,#.##}\n𝚌𝚕𝚘𝚜𝚎 stored in memory: {6,number,#.##}"
string labelText = str.format(formatString, updateCount, initialOpen, initialClose, latestOpen, latestClose, recordedOpen, recordedClose)
label.new(bar_index, close, labelText, style = label.style_label_left, force_overlay = true)
• Collecting Chart Data for Other Contexts
If your use case requires collecting chart data from another context, avoid directly retrieving the 𝙲𝚑𝚊𝚛𝚝𝙳𝚊𝚝𝚊 object as this may exceed memory limits .
//@version=6
indicator("Demo Return Calculated Results")
import n00btraders/ChartData/1
timeInput = input.time(timestamp("01 Sep 2025 08:30 -0500"), "Time")
var int oneMinuteBarsAgo = na
// !ERROR - Memory Limits Exceeded
// chartDataArray = request.security_lower_tf(syminfo.tickerid, "1", ChartData.collectChartData())
// oneMinuteBarsAgo := chartDataArray.last().getNumberOfBarsBack(timeInput)
// function that returns calculated results (a single integer value instead of an entire `ChartData` object)
getNumberOfBarsBack() =>
chartData = ChartData.collectChartData()
chartData.getNumberOfBarsBack(timeInput)
calculatedResultsArray = request.security_lower_tf(syminfo.tickerid, "1", getNumberOfBarsBack())
oneMinuteBarsAgo := calculatedResultsArray.size() > 0 ? calculatedResultsArray.last() : na
if barstate.islast
string labelText = str.format("The selected timestamp occurs 1-minute bars ago", oneMinuteBarsAgo)
label.new(bar_index, hl2, labelText, style = label.style_label_left, size = 16, force_overlay = true)
• Memory Usage
The library's convenience and ease of use comes at the cost of increased usage of computational resources. For simple scripts, using this library will likely not cause any issues with exceeding memory limits. But for large and complex scripts, you can reduce memory issues by specifying a lower 𝚌𝚊𝚕𝚌_𝚋𝚊𝚛𝚜_𝚌𝚘𝚞𝚗𝚝 amount in the indicator() or strategy() declaration statement.
//@version=6
// !ERROR - Memory Limits Exceeded using the default number of bars available (~20,000 bars for Premium plans)
//indicator("Demo `calc_bars_count` parameter")
// Reduce number of bars using `calc_bars_count` parameter
indicator("Demo `calc_bars_count` parameter", calc_bars_count = 15000)
import n00btraders/ChartData/1
map variables = map.new()
variables.put("open", open)
variables.put("close", close)
variables.put("weekofyear", weekofyear)
variables.put("dayofmonth", dayofmonth)
variables.put("hour", hour)
variables.put("minute", minute)
variables.put("second", second)
// simulate large memory usage
chartData0 = ChartData.collectChartData(variables)
chartData1 = ChartData.collectChartData(variables)
chartData2 = ChartData.collectChartData(variables)
chartData3 = ChartData.collectChartData(variables)
chartData4 = ChartData.collectChartData(variables)
chartData5 = ChartData.collectChartData(variables)
chartData6 = ChartData.collectChartData(variables)
chartData7 = ChartData.collectChartData(variables)
chartData8 = ChartData.collectChartData(variables)
chartData9 = ChartData.collectChartData(variables)
log.info(str.tostring(chartData0.time(0)))
log.info(str.tostring(chartData1.time(0)))
log.info(str.tostring(chartData2.time(0)))
log.info(str.tostring(chartData3.time(0)))
log.info(str.tostring(chartData4.time(0)))
log.info(str.tostring(chartData5.time(0)))
log.info(str.tostring(chartData6.time(0)))
log.info(str.tostring(chartData7.time(0)))
log.info(str.tostring(chartData8.time(0)))
log.info(str.tostring(chartData9.time(0)))
if barstate.islast
result = table.new(position.middle_right, 1, 1, force_overlay = true)
table.cell(result, 0, 0, "Script Execution Successful ✅", text_size = 40)
█ EXPORTED ENUMS
Snap
Behavior for determining the bar that a timestamp belongs to.
Fields:
LEFT : Snap to the leftmost bar.
RIGHT : Snap to the rightmost bar.
DEFAULT : Default `xloc.bar_time` behavior.
Note: this enum is used for the 𝚜𝚗𝚊𝚙 parameter of 𝚝𝚒𝚖𝚎𝚜𝚝𝚊𝚖𝚙𝚃𝚘𝙱𝚊𝚛𝙸𝚗𝚍𝚎𝚡().
█ EXPORTED TYPES
Note: users of the library do not need to worry about directly accessing the fields of these types; all computations are done through method calls on an object of the 𝙲𝚑𝚊𝚛𝚝𝙳𝚊𝚝𝚊 type.
Variable
Represents a user-specified variable that can be tracked on every chart bar.
Fields:
name (series string) : Unique identifier for the variable.
values (array) : The array of stored values (one value per chart bar).
ChartData
Represents data for all bars on a chart.
Fields:
bars (series int) : Current number of bars on the chart.
timeValues (array) : The `time` values of all chart (and future) bars.
timeCloseValues (array) : The `time_close` values of all chart (and future) bars.
variables (array) : Additional custom values to track on all chart bars.
█ EXPORTED FUNCTIONS
collectChartData()
Collects and tracks the `time` and `time_close` value of every bar on the chart.
Returns: `ChartData` object to convert between `xloc.bar_index` and `xloc.bar_time`.
collectChartData(barsForward)
Collects and tracks the `time` and `time_close` value of every bar on the chart as well as a specified number of future bars.
Parameters:
barsForward (simple int) : Number of future bars to collect data for.
Returns: `ChartData` object to convert between `xloc.bar_index` and `xloc.bar_time`.
collectChartData(variables)
Collects and tracks the `time` and `time_close` value of every bar on the chart. Additionally, tracks a custom set of variables for every chart bar.
Parameters:
variables (simple map) : Custom values to collect on every chart bar.
Returns: `ChartData` object to convert between `xloc.bar_index` and `xloc.bar_time`.
collectChartData(barsForward, variables)
Collects and tracks the `time` and `time_close` value of every bar on the chart as well as a specified number of future bars. Additionally, tracks a custom set of variables for every chart bar.
Parameters:
barsForward (simple int) : Number of future bars to collect data for.
variables (simple map) : Custom values to collect on every chart bar.
Returns: `ChartData` object to convert between `xloc.bar_index` and `xloc.bar_time`.
█ EXPORTED METHODS
method timestampToBarIndex(chartData, timestamp, snap)
Converts a UNIX timestamp to a bar index.
Namespace types: ChartData
Parameters:
chartData (series ChartData) : The `ChartData` object.
timestamp (series int) : A UNIX time.
snap (series Snap) : A `Snap` enum value.
Returns: A bar index, or `na` if unable to find the appropriate bar index.
method getNumberOfBarsBack(chartData, timestamp)
Converts a UNIX timestamp to a history-referencing length (i.e., number of bars back).
Namespace types: ChartData
Parameters:
chartData (series ChartData) : The `ChartData` object.
timestamp (series int) : A UNIX time.
Returns: A bar offset, or `na` if unable to find a valid number of bars back.
method timeAtBarIndex(chartData, barIndex)
Retrieves the `time` value for the specified bar index.
Namespace types: ChartData
Parameters:
chartData (series ChartData) : The `ChartData` object.
barIndex (int) : The bar index.
Returns: The `time` value, or `na` if there is no `time` stored for the bar index.
method time(chartData, length)
Retrieves the `time` value of the bar that is `length` bars back relative to the latest bar.
Namespace types: ChartData
Parameters:
chartData (series ChartData) : The `ChartData` object.
length (series int) : Number of bars back.
Returns: The `time` value `length` bars ago, or `na` if there is no `time` stored for that bar.
method timeCloseAtBarIndex(chartData, barIndex)
Retrieves the `time_close` value for the specified bar index.
Namespace types: ChartData
Parameters:
chartData (series ChartData) : The `ChartData` object.
barIndex (series int) : The bar index.
Returns: The `time_close` value, or `na` if there is no `time_close` stored for the bar index.
method timeClose(chartData, length)
Retrieves the `time_close` value of the bar that is `length` bars back from the latest bar.
Namespace types: ChartData
Parameters:
chartData (series ChartData) : The `ChartData` object.
length (series int) : Number of bars back.
Returns: The `time_close` value `length` bars ago, or `na` if there is none stored.
method valueAtBarIndex(chartData, name, barIndex)
Retrieves the value of a custom variable for the specified bar index.
Namespace types: ChartData
Parameters:
chartData (series ChartData) : The `ChartData` object.
name (series string) : The variable name.
barIndex (series int) : The bar index.
Returns: The value of the variable, or `na` if that variable is not stored for the bar index.
method value(chartData, name, length)
Retrieves a variable value of the bar that is `length` bars back relative to the latest bar.
Namespace types: ChartData
Parameters:
chartData (series ChartData) : The `ChartData` object.
name (series string) : The variable name.
length (series int) : Number of bars back.
Returns: The value `length` bars ago, or `na` if that variable is not stored for the bar index.
method getAllVariablesAtBarIndex(chartData, barIndex)
Retrieves all custom variables for the specified bar index.
Namespace types: ChartData
Parameters:
chartData (series ChartData) : The `ChartData` object.
barIndex (series int) : The bar index.
Returns: Map of all custom variables that are stored for the specified bar index.
method getEarliestStoredData(chartData)
Gets all values from the earliest bar data that is currently stored in memory.
Namespace types: ChartData
Parameters:
chartData (series ChartData) : The `ChartData` object.
Returns: A tuple:
method getLatestStoredData(chartData, futureData)
Gets all values from the latest bar data that is currently stored in memory.
Namespace types: ChartData
Parameters:
chartData (series ChartData) : The `ChartData` object.
futureData (series bool) : Whether to include the future data that is stored in memory.
Returns: A tuple:
Machine Learning Gaussian Mixture Model | AlphaNattMachine Learning Gaussian Mixture Model | AlphaNatt
A revolutionary oscillator that uses Gaussian Mixture Models (GMM) with unsupervised machine learning to identify market regimes and automatically adapt momentum calculations - bringing statistical pattern recognition techniques to trading.
"Markets don't follow a single distribution - they're a mixture of different regimes. This oscillator identifies which regime we're in and adapts accordingly."
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🤖 THE MACHINE LEARNING
Gaussian Mixture Models (GMM):
Unlike K-means clustering which assigns hard boundaries, GMM uses probabilistic clustering :
Models data as coming from multiple Gaussian distributions
Each market regime is a different Gaussian component
Provides probability of belonging to each regime
More sophisticated than simple clustering
Expectation-Maximization Algorithm:
The indicator continuously learns and adapts using the E-M algorithm:
E-step: Calculate probability of current market belonging to each regime
M-step: Update regime parameters based on new data
Continuous learning without repainting
Adapts to changing market conditions
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🎯 THREE MARKET REGIMES
The GMM identifies three distinct market states:
Regime 1 - Low Volatility:
Quiet, ranging markets
Uses RSI-based momentum calculation
Reduces false signals in choppy conditions
Background: Pink tint
Regime 2 - Normal Market:
Standard trending conditions
Uses Rate of Change momentum
Balanced sensitivity
Background: Gray tint
Regime 3 - High Volatility:
Strong trends or volatility events
Uses Z-score based momentum
Captures extreme moves
Background: Cyan tint
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💡 KEY INNOVATIONS
1. Probabilistic Regime Detection:
Instead of binary regime assignment, provides probabilities:
30% Regime 1, 60% Regime 2, 10% Regime 3
Smooth transitions between regimes
No sudden indicator jumps
2. Weighted Momentum Calculation:
Combines three different momentum formulas
Weights based on regime probabilities
Automatically adapts to market conditions
3. Confidence Indicator:
Shows how certain the model is (white line)
High confidence = strong regime identification
Low confidence = transitional market state
Line transparency changes with confidence
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⚙️ PARAMETER OPTIMIZATION
Training Period (50-500):
50-100: Quick adaptation to recent conditions
100: Balanced (default)
200-500: Stable regime identification
Number of Components (2-5):
2: Simple bull/bear regimes
3: Low/Normal/High volatility (default)
4-5: More granular regime detection
Learning Rate (0.1-1.0):
0.1-0.3: Slow, stable learning
0.3: Balanced (default)
0.5-1.0: Fast adaptation
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📊 TRADING STRATEGIES
Visual Signals:
Cyan gradient: Bullish momentum
Magenta gradient: Bearish momentum
Background color: Current regime
Confidence line: Model certainty
1. Regime-Based Trading:
Regime 1 (pink): Expect mean reversion
Regime 2 (gray): Standard trend following
Regime 3 (cyan): Strong momentum trades
2. Confidence-Filtered Signals:
Only trade when confidence > 70%
High confidence = clearer market state
Avoid transitions (low confidence)
3. Adaptive Position Sizing:
Regime 1: Smaller positions (choppy)
Regime 2: Normal positions
Regime 3: Larger positions (trending)
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🚀 ADVANTAGES OVER OTHER ML INDICATORS
vs K-Means Clustering:
Soft clustering (probabilities) vs hard boundaries
Captures uncertainty and transitions
More mathematically robust
vs KNN (K-Nearest Neighbors):
Unsupervised learning (no historical labels needed)
Continuous adaptation
Lower computational complexity
vs Neural Networks:
Interpretable (know what each regime means)
No overfitting issues
Works with limited data
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📈 PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS
Best Market Conditions:
Markets with clear regime shifts
Volatile to trending transitions
Multi-timeframe analysis
Cryptocurrency markets (high regime variation)
Key Strengths:
Automatically adapts to market changes
No manual parameter adjustment needed
Smooth transitions between regimes
Probabilistic confidence measure
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🔬 TECHNICAL BACKGROUND
Gaussian Mixture Models are used extensively in:
Speech recognition (Google Assistant)
Computer vision (facial recognition)
Astronomy (galaxy classification)
Genomics (gene expression analysis)
Finance (risk modeling at investment banks)
The E-M algorithm was developed at Stanford in 1977 and is one of the most important algorithms in unsupervised machine learning.
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💡 PRO TIPS
Watch regime transitions: Best opportunities often occur when regimes change
Combine with volume: High volume + regime change = strong signal
Use confidence filter: Avoid low confidence periods
Multi-timeframe: Compare regimes across timeframes
Adjust position size: Scale based on identified regime
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⚠️ IMPORTANT NOTES
Machine learning adapts but doesn't predict the future
Best used with other confirmation indicators
Allow time for model to learn (100+ bars)
Not financial advice - educational purposes
Backtest thoroughly on your instruments
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🏆 CONCLUSION
The GMM Momentum Oscillator brings institutional-grade machine learning to retail trading. By identifying market regimes probabilistically and adapting momentum calculations accordingly, it provides:
Automatic adaptation to market conditions
Clear regime identification with confidence levels
Smooth, professional signal generation
True unsupervised machine learning
This isn't just another indicator with "ML" in the name - it's a genuine implementation of Gaussian Mixture Models with the Expectation-Maximization algorithm, the same technology used in:
Google's speech recognition
Tesla's computer vision
NASA's data analysis
Wall Street risk models
"Let the machine learn the market regimes. Trade with statistical confidence."
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Developed by AlphaNatt | Machine Learning Trading Systems
Version: 1.0
Algorithm: Gaussian Mixture Model with E-M
Classification: Unsupervised Learning Oscillator
Not financial advice. Always DYOR.
Retail Sentiment Indicator - Multi-Asset CFD & Fear/Greed IndexRetail Sentiment Indicator - Multi-Asset CFD & Fear/Greed Index
Overview
The Retail Sentiment Indicator provides real-time sentiment data for major financial instruments including stocks, forex, commodities, and cryptocurrencies. This indicator displays retail trader positioning and market sentiment using CFD data and fear/greed indices.
Methodology and Scale Calculation
This indicator operates on a **-50 to +50 scale** with zero representing perfect market equilibrium.
Scale Interpretation:
- **Zero (0)**: Market balance - exactly 50% of investors buying, 50% selling
- **Positive values**: Majority buying pressure
- Example: If 63% of investors are buying, the indicator shows +13 (63 - 50 = +13)
- **Negative values**: Majority selling pressure
- Example: If 92% of investors are selling, the indicator shows -42 (50 - 92 = -42)
BTC Fear & Greed Index Scaling:
The original `BTC FEAR&GREED` index is natively scaled from 0-100 by its creator. In our indicator, this data has been rescaled to also fit the -50 to +50 range for consistency with other sentiment data sources.
This unified scaling approach allows for direct comparison across all instruments and data sources within the indicator.
-Important Data Source Selection-
Bitcoin (BTC) Data Sources
When viewing Bitcoin charts, the indicator offers **two different data sources**:
1. **Default Auto-Mode**: `BTCUSD Retail CFD` - Retail CFD traders sentiment data (automatically loaded).
2. **Manual Selection**: `BTC FEAR&GREED` - Fear & Greed Index from website: alternative dot me
**To access BTC Fear & Greed Index**: Input settings -> disable checkbox "Auto-load Sentiment Data" -> manually select "BTC FEAR&GREED" from the dropdown menu.
US Stock Market Data Sources
For US stocks and indices (S&P 500, NASDAQ, Dow Jones), there are **two data source options**:
1. **Default Auto-Mode**: Individual retail CFD sentiment data for each instrument
2. **Manual Selection**: `SNN FEAR&GREED` - SNN's Fear & Greed Index covering the overall US market sentiment. SNN was used as the name to avoid any potential trademark infringement.
**To access SNN Fear & Greed Index**: When viewing US market charts, disable in input settings checkbox "Auto-load Sentiment Data" and manually select "SNN FEAR&GREED" from the dropdown menu.
This distinction allows traders to choose between **instrument-specific retail sentiment** (auto-mode) or **broader market sentiment indices** (manual selection).
Features
- **Auto-Detection**: Automatically loads sentiment data based on the current chart symbol
- **Manual Selection**: Choose from 40+ supported instruments when auto-detection is unavailable
- **Multiple Data Sources**: Combines retail CFD sentiment with Fear & Greed indices
- **Visual Zones**: Clear greed/fear zones with color-coded backgrounds
- **Real-time Updates**: Live sentiment data from merged data sources
Supported Instruments
Major Indices
- S&P 500, NASDAQ, Dow Jones 30, DAX
Forex Pairs
- Major pairs: EURUSD, GBPUSD, USDJPY, USDCHF, USDCAD
- Cross pairs: EURJPY, GBPJPY, AUDUSD, NZDUSD, and 20+ others
Commodities
- Precious metals: Gold (XAUUSD), Silver (XAGUSD)
- Energy: WTI Oil
- Agricultural: Wheat, Coffee
- Industrial: Copper
Cryptocurrencies
- Bitcoin (BTC) sentiment data
- BTC & SNN Fear & Greed indices
How to Use
1. **Auto Mode** (Default): Enable "Auto-load Sentiment Data" to automatically display sentiment for the current chart symbol
2. **Manual Mode**: Disable auto-load and select from the dropdown menu for specific instruments
3. **Interpretation**:
- Values above 0 (green) indicate retail greed/bullish sentiment
- Values below 0 (red) indicate retail fear/bearish sentiment
- Fear & Greed indices use 0-100 scale (50 is neutral)
Data Sources
This indicator uses curated sentiment data from retail CFD providers and established fear/greed indices. Data is updated regularly and sourced from reputable financial data providers.
Trading Strategy & Market Philosophy
Contrarian Trading Approach
The primary purpose of this indicator is based on the fundamental market principle that **the majority of retail investors are often wrong**, and markets typically move opposite to the positions held by the majority of market participants.
Key Strategy Guidelines:
- **Contrarian Signal**: When the majority of users are positioned on one side of the market, there is statistically greater market advantage in taking positions in the opposite direction
- **Trend Exhaustion Signal**: An interesting observed phenomenon occurs when, during a long-lasting trend where the majority of investors have consistently been on the wrong side, the Sentiment indicator suddenly shows that the majority has flipped and opened positions in the direction of that long-running trend. This is often a signal of fuel exhaustion for further movement in that direction
Interpretation Examples
- High greed readings (majority bullish) → Consider bearish opportunities
- High fear readings (majority bearish) → Consider bullish opportunities
- Sudden sentiment flip during established trends → Potential trend reversal signal
Technical Notes
- Built with PineScript v6
- Dynamic symbol detection with fallback options
- Optimized for performance with minimal resource usage
- Color-coded visualization with customizable zones
Data Sources & Expansion
Acknowledgments
We extend our gratitude to **TradingView** for enabling the use of custom data feeds based on GitHub repositories, making this comprehensive sentiment analysis possible.
Data Expansion Opportunities
As the operator of this indicator, I am **open to suggestions for new data sources** that could be integrated and published. If you have ideas for additional instruments or sentiment data:
How to Submit Suggestions:
1. Send a **private message** with your proposal
2. Include: **instrument/data type**, **source**, and **brief description**
3. If technically feasible, we will work to import and publish the data
Data Infrastructure Status
Current Data Upload Process:
Please note that sentiment data uploads may occasionally experience minor interruptions. However, this should not pose significant issues as sentiment data typically changes gradually rather than rapidly.
Infrastructure Development:
We are actively working on establishing permanent cloud-based infrastructure to ensure continuous, automated data collection and upload processes. This will provide more reliable and consistent data availability in the future.
Disclaimer
This indicator is for educational and informational purposes only. Sentiment data should be used as part of a comprehensive trading strategy and not as the sole basis for trading decisions. Past performance does not guarantee future results. The contrarian approach described is a market theory and may not always produce profitable results.
TMA +BB Bands Indicator//@version=5
indicator(shorttitle="BB", title="Bollinger Bands", overlay=true, timeframe="", timeframe_gaps=true)
length = input.int(20, minval=1)
maType = input.string("SMA", "Basis MA Type", options = )
src = input(close, title="Source")
mult = input.float(2.0, minval=0.001, maxval=50, title="StdDev")
ma(source, length, _type) =>
switch _type
"SMA" => ta.sma(source, length)
"EMA" => ta.ema(source, length)
"SMMA (RMA)" => ta.rma(source, length)
"WMA" => ta.wma(source, length)
"VWMA" => ta.vwma(source, length)
basis = ma(src, length, maType)
dev = mult * ta.stdev(src, length)
upper = basis + dev
lower = basis - dev
offset = input.int(0, "Offset", minval = -500, maxval = 500, display = display.data_window)
plot(basis, "Basis", color=#2962FF, offset = offset)
p1 = plot(upper, "Upper", color=#F23645, offset = offset)
p2 = plot(lower, "Lower", color=#089981, offset = offset)
fill(p1, p2, title = "Background", color=color.rgb(33, 150, 243, 95))
Infinite EMA with Alpha Control♾️ Infinite EMA with Alpha Control
What Makes This EMA "Infinite"?
Unlike traditional EMA indicators that are limited to typical periods (1-5000), this Infinite EMA breaks all boundaries. You can create EMAs with periods of 1,000, 10,000, or even 1,000,000 bars - that's why it's called "infinite"! Also Infinite EMA starts working immediately from the very first bar on your chart
Why This EMA is "Infinite":
1. Mathematically: When N → ∞, alpha → 0, meaning infinitely long "memory"
2. Practically: You can set any period - even 100,000 bars
3. Flexibility: Alpha allows precise control over the "forgetting speed"
How Does It Work?
The magic lies in the Alpha parameter. While regular EMAs use fixed formulas, this indicator gives you direct control over the EMA's "memory" through Alpha values:
• High Alpha (0.1-0.2): Fast reaction, short memory
• Medium Alpha (0.01-0.05): Balanced response
• Low Alpha (0.0001-0.001): Extremely slow reaction, very long memory
• Ultra-low Alpha (0.000001): Almost frozen in time
The Mathematical Formula:
Alpha = 2 / (Period + 1)
This means you can achieve any EMA period by adjusting Alpha, giving you infinite flexibility!
Expanded "Infinite EMA" Table:
Period EMA (N) - Alpha (Rounded) - Alpha (Exact) - Description
10 - 0.1818 - 0.181818... - Fast EMA
20 - 0.0952 - 0.095238... - Short-term
50 - 0.0392 - 0.039215... - Medium-term
100 - 0.0198 - 0.019801... - Long-term
200 - 0.0100 - 0.009950... - Standard long-term
500 - 0.0040 - 0.003996... - Very long-term
1,000 - 0.0020 - 0.001998... - Super long-term
2,000 - 0.0010 - 0.000999... - Ultra long-term
5,000 - 0.0004 - 0.000399... - Mega long-term
10,000 - 0.0002 - 0.000199... - Giga long-term
25,000 - 0.00008 - 0.000079... - Century-scale EMA
50,000 - 0.00004 - 0.000039... - Practically motionless
100,000 - 0.00002 - 0.000019... - "Glacial" EMA
500,000 - 0.000004 - 0.000003... - Geological timescale
1,000,000 - 0.000002 - 0.000001... - Approaching constant
5,000,000 - 0.0000004 - 0.0000003... - Virtually static
10,000,000 - 0.0000002 - 0.0000001... - Nearly flat line
100,000,000 - 0.00000002 - 0.00000001... - Mathematical infinity
Formula: Alpha = 2/(N+1) where N is the EMA period
Key Features:
Dual EMA System: Run fast and slow EMAs simultaneously
Crossover Signals: Automatic buy/sell signals with customizable alerts
Alpha Control: Direct mathematical control over EMA behavior
Infinite Periods: From 1 to 100,000,000+ bars
Visual Customization: Colors, fills, backgrounds, signal sizes
Instant Start: Works accurately from the very first bar
Update Intervals: Control calculation frequency for noise reduction
Why Choose Infinite EMA?
1. Unlimited Flexibility: Any period you can imagine
2. Mathematical Precision: Direct alpha control for exact behavior
3. Professional Grade: Suitable for all trading styles
4. Easy to Use: Simple settings with powerful results
5. No Warm-up Period: Accurate values from bar #1
Simple Explanation:
Think of EMA as a "memory system":
• High Alpha = Short memory (forgets quickly, reacts fast)
• Low Alpha = Long memory (remembers everything, moves slowly)
With Infinite EMA, you can set the "memory length" to anything from seconds to centuries!
⚡ Instant Start Feature - EMA from First Bar
Immediate Calculation from Bar #1
Unlike traditional EMA indicators that require a "warm-up period" of N bars before showing accurate values, Infinite EMA starts working immediately from the very first bar on your chart.
How It Works:
Traditional EMA Problem:
• Standard 200-period EMA: Needs 200+ bars to become accurate
• First 200 bars: Shows incorrect/unstable values
• Result: Large portions of historical data are unusable
Infinite EMA Solution:
Bar #1: EMA = Current Price (perfect starting point)
Bar #2: EMA = Alpha × Price + (1-Alpha) × Previous EMA
Bar #3: EMA = Alpha × Price + (1-Alpha) × Previous EMA
...and so on
Key Benefits:
No Warm-up Period: Start trading signals from day one
Full Chart Coverage: Every bar has a valid EMA value
Historical Accuracy: Backtesting works on entire dataset
New Markets: Works perfectly on newly listed assets
Short Datasets: Effective even with limited historical data
Practical Impact:
Scenario Traditional EMA Infinite EMA
New cryptocurrency Unusable for first 200 days ✅ Works from day 1
Limited data (< 200 bars) Inaccurate values ✅ Fully functional
Backtesting Must skip first 200 bars ✅ Test entire history
Real-time trading Wait for stabilization ✅ Trade immediately
Technical Implementation:
if barstate.isfirst
EMA := currentPrice // Perfect initialization
else
EMA := alpha × currentPrice + (1-alpha) × previousEMA
This smart initialization ensures mathematical accuracy from the very first calculation, eliminating the traditional EMA "ramp-up" problem.
Why This Matters:
For Backesters: Use 100% of available data
For Live Trading: Get signals immediately on any timeframe
For Researchers: Analyze complete datasets without gaps
Bottom Line: Infinite EMA is ready to work the moment you add it to your chart - no waiting, no warm-up, no exceptions!
Unlike traditional EMAs that require a "warm-up period" of 200+ bars before showing accurate values, Infinite EMA starts working immediately from bar #1.
This breakthrough eliminates the common problem where the first portion of your chart shows unreliable EMA data. Whether you're analyzing a newly listed cryptocurrency, working with limited historical data, or backtesting strategies, every single bar provides mathematically accurate EMA values.
No more waiting periods, no more unusable data sections - just instant, reliable trend analysis from the moment you apply the indicator to any chart.
🔄 Update Interval Bars Feature
The Update Interval feature allows you to control how frequently the EMA recalculates, providing flexible noise filtering without changing the core mathematics.
Set to 1 for standard behavior (updates every bar), or increase to 5-10 for smoother signals that update less frequently. Higher intervals reduce market noise and false signals but introduce slightly more lag. This is particularly useful on volatile timeframes where you want the EMA's directional bias without every minor price fluctuation affecting the calculation.
Perfect for swing traders who prefer cleaner, more stable trend lines over hyper-responsive indicators.
Conclusion
The Infinite EMA transforms the traditional EMA from a fixed-period tool into a precision instrument with unlimited flexibility. By understanding the Alpha-Period relationship, traders can create custom EMAs that perfectly match their trading style, timeframe, and market conditions.
The "infinite" nature comes from the ability to set any period imaginable - from ultra-fast 2-bar EMAs to glacially slow 10-million-bar EMAs, all controlled through a single Alpha parameter.
________________________________________
Whether you're a beginner looking for simple trend following or a professional researcher analyzing century-long patterns, Infinite EMA adapts to your needs. The power of infinite periods is now in your hands! 🚀
Go forward to the horizon. When you reach it, a new one will open up.
- J. P. Morgan
Market Internal Strength (DJI/Nasdaq/S&P)Market Health Dow, Nasdaq & S\&P 500 Breadth
Track the true internal health of the US market's three most important indices the Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJI), the Nasdaq 100 (NDX), and the S\&P 500 (SPX).
Price action alone can be deceiving. A rising index might be driven by only a handful of mega-cap stocks, masking underlying weakness. This indicator provides a crucial look "under the hood" to measure the market's true breadth.
It visualizes the percentage of stocks within each index that are trading above their key moving averages (5, 20, 50, 100, 150, and 200-day). This allows you to instantly gauge whether a market trend is broadly supported by the majority of its constituent stocks.
Key Features
* Covers 3 Major US Indices Seamlessly switch your analysis between the Dow Jones, Nasdaq 100, and S\&P 500.
* Complete Breadth Picture Six MA periods offer a full view, from short-term momentum (5D, 20D) to the long-term institutional trend (150D, 200D).
* Fully Customizable Toggle the visibility of any line and adjust overbought/oversold levels to fit your personal strategy.
How to Use
1. Extreme Readings (Overbought/Oversold)
* Above 80% Signals a very strong, potentially overbought market. Caution is advised as a pullback could be near.
* Below 20% Signals a deeply oversold market, often indicating capitulation and potential buying opportunities.
2. Divergence (Powerful Warning Signal)
* Bearish The index price makes a new high, but this indicator makes a lower high. This warns that the rally is not broad-based and may be losing steam.
* Bullish The index price makes a new low, but this indicator makes a higher low. This suggests internal strength is building and a bottom may be forming.
3. Trend Confirmation
When the long-term lines (150D, 200D) remain high (e.g., \> 50%), the primary market trend is healthy and confirmed.
IFVG by Toño# IFVG by Toño - Pine Script Indicator
## Overview
This Pine Script indicator identifies and visualizes **Fair Value Gaps (FVG)** and **Inverted Fair Value Gaps (IFVG)** on trading charts. It provides advanced analysis of price inefficiencies and their subsequent inversions when mitigated.
## Key Features
### 1. Fair Value Gap (FVG) Detection
- **Bullish FVG**: Detected when `low > high ` (gap between current low and high of 2 bars ago)
- **Bearish FVG**: Detected when `high < low ` (gap between current high and low of 2 bars ago)
- Visual representation using colored rectangles (green for bullish, red for bearish)
### 2. Inverted Fair Value Gap (IFVG) Creation
- **IFVG Formation**: When a FVG gets mitigated (price fills the gap with candle body), an IFVG is created
- **Color Inversion**: The IFVG takes the opposite color of the original FVG
- Mitigated bullish FVG → Creates red (bearish) IFVG
- Mitigated bearish FVG → Creates green (bullish) IFVG
- **Mitigation Logic**: Uses only candle body (not wicks) to determine when a FVG is filled
### 3. Customizable Display Options
- **Show Normal FVG**: Toggle visibility of regular Fair Value Gaps
- **Show IFVG**: Toggle visibility of Inverted Fair Value Gaps
- **Smart FVG Display**: Even when "Show Normal FVG" is disabled, FVGs that are part of IFVGs remain visible
- **Extension Control**: Option to extend FVGs until they are mitigated
### 4. IFVG Extension Methods
- **Full Cross Method**: IFVG remains active until price completely crosses through it (including wicks)
- **Number of Bars Method**: IFVG remains active for a specified number of bars (1-100)
### 5. Visual Mitigation Signals
- **Cross Markers**: Shows X-shaped markers when IFVGs are mitigated
- Green cross above bar: Bearish IFVG mitigated
- Red cross below bar: Bullish IFVG mitigated
### 6. Comprehensive Alert System
- **IFVG Formation Alerts**: Notifications when new IFVGs are created
- **IFVG Mitigation Alerts**: Notifications when IFVGs are filled/mitigated
- **Separate Controls**: Individual toggles for bullish and bearish IFVG alerts
## How It Works
### Step-by-Step Process:
1. **FVG Detection**: Script continuously scans for 3-bar patterns that create price gaps
2. **FVG Tracking**: Each FVG is stored with its coordinates, type, and status
3. **Mitigation Monitoring**: Script watches for candle bodies that fill the FVG
4. **IFVG Creation**: Upon mitigation, creates an IFVG with opposite polarity at the same location
5. **IFVG Management**: Tracks and extends IFVGs according to chosen method
6. **Visual Updates**: Dynamically updates colors and visibility based on user settings
## Use Cases
- **Support/Resistance Analysis**: IFVGs often act as strong support/resistance levels
- **Market Structure Understanding**: Helps identify how market inefficiencies get filled and reversed
- **Entry/Exit Timing**: Can be used to time entries around IFVG formations or mitigations
- **Confluence Analysis**: Combine with other technical analysis tools for stronger signals
## Configuration Parameters
- **Colors**: Customizable colors for bullish/bearish FVGs and IFVGs
- **Extension**: Choose how long to display gaps on the chart
- **Alerts**: Full control over notification preferences
- **Visual Clarity**: Options to show/hide different gap types for cleaner charts
## Technical Specifications
- **Pine Script Version**: 5
- **Overlay**: True (displays directly on price chart)
- **Max Boxes**: 500 (supports up to 500 simultaneous gaps)
- **Performance**: Optimized array management for smooth operation
This indicator is particularly valuable for traders who use **Smart Money Concepts (SMC)** and **Inner Circle Trader (ICT)** methodologies, as it provides clear visualization of how institutional order flow creates and fills market inefficiencies.
Elliott Wave - Impulse + Corrective Detector (Demo) เทคนิคการใช้
สำหรับมือใหม่
ดูเฉพาะ Impulse Wave ก่อน
เทรดตาม direction ของ impulse
ใช้ Fibonacci เป็น support/resistance
สำหรับ Advanced
ใช้ Corrective Wave หาจุด reversal
รวม Triangle กับ breakout strategy
ใช้ Complex correction วางแผนระยะยาว
⚙️ การปรับแต่ง
ถ้าเจอ Pattern น้อยเกินไป
ลด Swing Length เป็น 3-4
เพิ่ม Max History เป็น 500
ถ้าเจอ Pattern เยอะเกินไป
เพิ่ม Swing Length เป็น 8-12
ปิด patterns ที่ไม่ต้องการ
สำหรับ Timeframe ต่างๆ
H1-H4: Swing Length = 5-8
Daily: Swing Length = 3-5
Weekly: Swing Length = 2-3
⚠️ ข้อควรระวัง
Elliott Wave เป็น subjective analysis
ใช้ร่วมกับ indicators อื่นๆ
Backtest ก่อนใช้เงินจริง
Pattern อาจเปลี่ยนได้ตลอดเวลา
🎓 สรุป
โค้ดนี้เป็นเครื่องมือช่วยวิเคราะห์ Elliott Wave ที่:
✅ ใช้งานง่าย
✅ ตรวจจับอัตโนมัติ
✅ มี confidence scoring
✅ แสดงผล Fibonacci levels
✅ ส่ง alerts เรียลไทม์
เหมาะสำหรับ: Trader ที่ต้องการใช้ Elliott Wave ในการวิเคราะห์เทคนิค แต่ไม่มีเวลานั่งหา pattern เอง
💡 Usage Tips
For Beginners
Focus on Impulse Waves first
Trade in the direction of impulse
Use Fibonacci as support/resistance levels
For Advanced Users
Use Corrective Waves to find reversal points
Combine Triangles with breakout strategies
Use Complex corrections for long-term planning
⚙️ Customization
If You See Too Few Patterns
Decrease Swing Length to 3-4
Increase Max History to 500
If You See Too Many Patterns
Increase Swing Length to 8-12
Turn off unwanted pattern types
For Different Timeframes
H1-H4: Swing Length = 5-8
Daily: Swing Length = 3-5
Weekly: Swing Length = 2-3
⚠️ Important Warnings
Elliott Wave is subjective analysis
Use with other technical indicators
Backtest before using real money
Patterns can change at any time
🔧 Troubleshooting
No Patterns Showing
Check if you have enough price history
Adjust Swing Length settings
Make sure pattern detection is enabled
Too Many False Signals
Increase confidence threshold requirements
Use higher timeframes
Combine with trend analysis
Performance Issues
Reduce Max History setting
Turn off unnecessary visual elements
Use on liquid markets only
📈 Trading Applications
Entry Strategies
Wave 3 Entry: After Wave 2 completion (61.8%-78.6% retracement)
Wave 5 Target: Equal to Wave 1 or Fibonacci extensions
Corrective Bounce: Trade reversals at C wave completion
Risk Management
Stop Loss: Beyond pattern invalidation levels
Take Profit: Fibonacci extension targets
Position Sizing: Based on pattern confidence
🎓 Summary
This code is an Elliott Wave analysis tool that offers:
✅ Easy to use interface
✅ Automatic pattern detection
✅ Confidence scoring system
✅ Fibonacci level display
✅ Real-time alerts
Perfect for: Traders who want to use Elliott Wave analysis but don't have time to manually identify patterns.
📚 Quick Reference
Pattern Hierarchy (Most to Least Reliable)
Impulse Waves (90% confidence)
Expanded Flats (85% confidence)
Zigzags (80% confidence)
Triangles (75% confidence)
Complex Corrections (70% confidence)
Best Practices
Start with higher timeframes for main trend
Use lower timeframes for precise entries
Always confirm with volume and momentum
Don't trade against strong fundamental news
Keep a trading journal to track performance
Remember: Elliott Wave is an art as much as a science. This tool helps identify potential patterns, but always use your judgment and additional analysis before making trading decisions.
Markov Chain [3D] | FractalystWhat exactly is a Markov Chain?
This indicator uses a Markov Chain model to analyze, quantify, and visualize the transitions between market regimes (Bull, Bear, Neutral) on your chart. It dynamically detects these regimes in real-time, calculates transition probabilities, and displays them as animated 3D spheres and arrows, giving traders intuitive insight into current and future market conditions.
How does a Markov Chain work, and how should I read this spheres-and-arrows diagram?
Think of three weather modes: Sunny, Rainy, Cloudy.
Each sphere is one mode. The loop on a sphere means “stay the same next step” (e.g., Sunny again tomorrow).
The arrows leaving a sphere show where things usually go next if they change (e.g., Sunny moving to Cloudy).
Some paths matter more than others. A more prominent loop means the current mode tends to persist. A more prominent outgoing arrow means a change to that destination is the usual next step.
Direction isn’t symmetric: moving Sunny→Cloudy can behave differently than Cloudy→Sunny.
Now relabel the spheres to markets: Bull, Bear, Neutral.
Spheres: market regimes (uptrend, downtrend, range).
Self‑loop: tendency for the current regime to continue on the next bar.
Arrows: the most common next regime if a switch happens.
How to read: Start at the sphere that matches current bar state. If the loop stands out, expect continuation. If one outgoing path stands out, that switch is the typical next step. Opposite directions can differ (Bear→Neutral doesn’t have to match Neutral→Bear).
What states and transitions are shown?
The three market states visualized are:
Bullish (Bull): Upward or strong-market regime.
Bearish (Bear): Downward or weak-market regime.
Neutral: Sideways or range-bound regime.
Bidirectional animated arrows and probability labels show how likely the market is to move from one regime to another (e.g., Bull → Bear or Neutral → Bull).
How does the regime detection system work?
You can use either built-in price returns (based on adaptive Z-score normalization) or supply three custom indicators (such as volume, oscillators, etc.).
Values are statistically normalized (Z-scored) over a configurable lookback period.
The normalized outputs are classified into Bull, Bear, or Neutral zones.
If using three indicators, their regime signals are averaged and smoothed for robustness.
How are transition probabilities calculated?
On every confirmed bar, the algorithm tracks the sequence of detected market states, then builds a rolling window of transitions.
The code maintains a transition count matrix for all regime pairs (e.g., Bull → Bear).
Transition probabilities are extracted for each possible state change using Laplace smoothing for numerical stability, and frequently updated in real-time.
What is unique about the visualization?
3D animated spheres represent each regime and change visually when active.
Animated, bidirectional arrows reveal transition probabilities and allow you to see both dominant and less likely regime flows.
Particles (moving dots) animate along the arrows, enhancing the perception of regime flow direction and speed.
All elements dynamically update with each new price bar, providing a live market map in an intuitive, engaging format.
Can I use custom indicators for regime classification?
Yes! Enable the "Custom Indicators" switch and select any three chart series as inputs. These will be normalized and combined (each with equal weight), broadening the regime classification beyond just price-based movement.
What does the “Lookback Period” control?
Lookback Period (default: 100) sets how much historical data builds the probability matrix. Shorter periods adapt faster to regime changes but may be noisier. Longer periods are more stable but slower to adapt.
How is this different from a Hidden Markov Model (HMM)?
It sets the window for both regime detection and probability calculations. Lower values make the system more reactive, but potentially noisier. Higher values smooth estimates and make the system more robust.
How is this Markov Chain different from a Hidden Markov Model (HMM)?
Markov Chain (as here): All market regimes (Bull, Bear, Neutral) are directly observable on the chart. The transition matrix is built from actual detected regimes, keeping the model simple and interpretable.
Hidden Markov Model: The actual regimes are unobservable ("hidden") and must be inferred from market output or indicator "emissions" using statistical learning algorithms. HMMs are more complex, can capture more subtle structure, but are harder to visualize and require additional machine learning steps for training.
A standard Markov Chain models transitions between observable states using a simple transition matrix, while a Hidden Markov Model assumes the true states are hidden (latent) and must be inferred from observable “emissions” like price or volume data. In practical terms, a Markov Chain is transparent and easier to implement and interpret; an HMM is more expressive but requires statistical inference to estimate hidden states from data.
Markov Chain: states are observable; you directly count or estimate transition probabilities between visible states. This makes it simpler, faster, and easier to validate and tune.
HMM: states are hidden; you only observe emissions generated by those latent states. Learning involves machine learning/statistical algorithms (commonly Baum–Welch/EM for training and Viterbi for decoding) to infer both the transition dynamics and the most likely hidden state sequence from data.
How does the indicator avoid “repainting” or look-ahead bias?
All regime changes and matrix updates happen only on confirmed (closed) bars, so no future data is leaked, ensuring reliable real-time operation.
Are there practical tuning tips?
Tune the Lookback Period for your asset/timeframe: shorter for fast markets, longer for stability.
Use custom indicators if your asset has unique regime drivers.
Watch for rapid changes in transition probabilities as early warning of a possible regime shift.
Who is this indicator for?
Quants and quantitative researchers exploring probabilistic market modeling, especially those interested in regime-switching dynamics and Markov models.
Programmers and system developers who need a probabilistic regime filter for systematic and algorithmic backtesting:
The Markov Chain indicator is ideally suited for programmatic integration via its bias output (1 = Bull, 0 = Neutral, -1 = Bear).
Although the visualization is engaging, the core output is designed for automated, rules-based workflows—not for discretionary/manual trading decisions.
Developers can connect the indicator’s output directly to their Pine Script logic (using input.source()), allowing rapid and robust backtesting of regime-based strategies.
It acts as a plug-and-play regime filter: simply plug the bias output into your entry/exit logic, and you have a scientifically robust, probabilistically-derived signal for filtering, timing, position sizing, or risk regimes.
The MC's output is intentionally "trinary" (1/0/-1), focusing on clear regime states for unambiguous decision-making in code. If you require nuanced, multi-probability or soft-label state vectors, consider expanding the indicator or stacking it with a probability-weighted logic layer in your scripting.
Because it avoids subjectivity, this approach is optimal for systematic quants, algo developers building backtested, repeatable strategies based on probabilistic regime analysis.
What's the mathematical foundation behind this?
The mathematical foundation behind this Markov Chain indicator—and probabilistic regime detection in finance—draws from two principal models: the (standard) Markov Chain and the Hidden Markov Model (HMM).
How to use this indicator programmatically?
The Markov Chain indicator automatically exports a bias value (+1 for Bullish, -1 for Bearish, 0 for Neutral) as a plot visible in the Data Window. This allows you to integrate its regime signal into your own scripts and strategies for backtesting, automation, or live trading.
Step-by-Step Integration with Pine Script (input.source)
Add the Markov Chain indicator to your chart.
This must be done first, since your custom script will "pull" the bias signal from the indicator's plot.
In your strategy, create an input using input.source()
Example:
//@version=5
strategy("MC Bias Strategy Example")
mcBias = input.source(close, "MC Bias Source")
After saving, go to your script’s settings. For the “MC Bias Source” input, select the plot/output of the Markov Chain indicator (typically its bias plot).
Use the bias in your trading logic
Example (long only on Bull, flat otherwise):
if mcBias == 1
strategy.entry("Long", strategy.long)
else
strategy.close("Long")
For more advanced workflows, combine mcBias with additional filters or trailing stops.
How does this work behind-the-scenes?
TradingView’s input.source() lets you use any plot from another indicator as a real-time, “live” data feed in your own script (source).
The selected bias signal is available to your Pine code as a variable, enabling logical decisions based on regime (trend-following, mean-reversion, etc.).
This enables powerful strategy modularity : decouple regime detection from entry/exit logic, allowing fast experimentation without rewriting core signal code.
Integrating 45+ Indicators with Your Markov Chain — How & Why
The Enhanced Custom Indicators Export script exports a massive suite of over 45 technical indicators—ranging from classic momentum (RSI, MACD, Stochastic, etc.) to trend, volume, volatility, and oscillator tools—all pre-calculated, centered/scaled, and available as plots.
// Enhanced Custom Indicators Export - 45 Technical Indicators
// Comprehensive technical analysis suite for advanced market regime detection
//@version=6
indicator('Enhanced Custom Indicators Export | Fractalyst', shorttitle='Enhanced CI Export', overlay=false, scale=scale.right, max_labels_count=500, max_lines_count=500)
// |----- Input Parameters -----| //
momentum_group = "Momentum Indicators"
trend_group = "Trend Indicators"
volume_group = "Volume Indicators"
volatility_group = "Volatility Indicators"
oscillator_group = "Oscillator Indicators"
display_group = "Display Settings"
// Common lengths
length_14 = input.int(14, "Standard Length (14)", minval=1, maxval=100, group=momentum_group)
length_20 = input.int(20, "Medium Length (20)", minval=1, maxval=200, group=trend_group)
length_50 = input.int(50, "Long Length (50)", minval=1, maxval=200, group=trend_group)
// Display options
show_table = input.bool(true, "Show Values Table", group=display_group)
table_size = input.string("Small", "Table Size", options= , group=display_group)
// |----- MOMENTUM INDICATORS (15 indicators) -----| //
// 1. RSI (Relative Strength Index)
rsi_14 = ta.rsi(close, length_14)
rsi_centered = rsi_14 - 50
// 2. Stochastic Oscillator
stoch_k = ta.stoch(close, high, low, length_14)
stoch_d = ta.sma(stoch_k, 3)
stoch_centered = stoch_k - 50
// 3. Williams %R
williams_r = ta.stoch(close, high, low, length_14) - 100
// 4. MACD (Moving Average Convergence Divergence)
= ta.macd(close, 12, 26, 9)
// 5. Momentum (Rate of Change)
momentum = ta.mom(close, length_14)
momentum_pct = (momentum / close ) * 100
// 6. Rate of Change (ROC)
roc = ta.roc(close, length_14)
// 7. Commodity Channel Index (CCI)
cci = ta.cci(close, length_20)
// 8. Money Flow Index (MFI)
mfi = ta.mfi(close, length_14)
mfi_centered = mfi - 50
// 9. Awesome Oscillator (AO)
ao = ta.sma(hl2, 5) - ta.sma(hl2, 34)
// 10. Accelerator Oscillator (AC)
ac = ao - ta.sma(ao, 5)
// 11. Chande Momentum Oscillator (CMO)
cmo = ta.cmo(close, length_14)
// 12. Detrended Price Oscillator (DPO)
dpo = close - ta.sma(close, length_20)
// 13. Price Oscillator (PPO)
ppo = ta.sma(close, 12) - ta.sma(close, 26)
ppo_pct = (ppo / ta.sma(close, 26)) * 100
// 14. TRIX
trix_ema1 = ta.ema(close, length_14)
trix_ema2 = ta.ema(trix_ema1, length_14)
trix_ema3 = ta.ema(trix_ema2, length_14)
trix = ta.roc(trix_ema3, 1) * 10000
// 15. Klinger Oscillator
klinger = ta.ema(volume * (high + low + close) / 3, 34) - ta.ema(volume * (high + low + close) / 3, 55)
// 16. Fisher Transform
fisher_hl2 = 0.5 * (hl2 - ta.lowest(hl2, 10)) / (ta.highest(hl2, 10) - ta.lowest(hl2, 10)) - 0.25
fisher = 0.5 * math.log((1 + fisher_hl2) / (1 - fisher_hl2))
// 17. Stochastic RSI
stoch_rsi = ta.stoch(rsi_14, rsi_14, rsi_14, length_14)
stoch_rsi_centered = stoch_rsi - 50
// 18. Relative Vigor Index (RVI)
rvi_num = ta.swma(close - open)
rvi_den = ta.swma(high - low)
rvi = rvi_den != 0 ? rvi_num / rvi_den : 0
// 19. Balance of Power (BOP)
bop = (close - open) / (high - low)
// |----- TREND INDICATORS (10 indicators) -----| //
// 20. Simple Moving Average Momentum
sma_20 = ta.sma(close, length_20)
sma_momentum = ((close - sma_20) / sma_20) * 100
// 21. Exponential Moving Average Momentum
ema_20 = ta.ema(close, length_20)
ema_momentum = ((close - ema_20) / ema_20) * 100
// 22. Parabolic SAR
sar = ta.sar(0.02, 0.02, 0.2)
sar_trend = close > sar ? 1 : -1
// 23. Linear Regression Slope
lr_slope = ta.linreg(close, length_20, 0) - ta.linreg(close, length_20, 1)
// 24. Moving Average Convergence (MAC)
mac = ta.sma(close, 10) - ta.sma(close, 30)
// 25. Trend Intensity Index (TII)
tii_sum = 0.0
for i = 1 to length_20
tii_sum += close > close ? 1 : 0
tii = (tii_sum / length_20) * 100
// 26. Ichimoku Cloud Components
ichimoku_tenkan = (ta.highest(high, 9) + ta.lowest(low, 9)) / 2
ichimoku_kijun = (ta.highest(high, 26) + ta.lowest(low, 26)) / 2
ichimoku_signal = ichimoku_tenkan > ichimoku_kijun ? 1 : -1
// 27. MESA Adaptive Moving Average (MAMA)
mama_alpha = 2.0 / (length_20 + 1)
mama = ta.ema(close, length_20)
mama_momentum = ((close - mama) / mama) * 100
// 28. Zero Lag Exponential Moving Average (ZLEMA)
zlema_lag = math.round((length_20 - 1) / 2)
zlema_data = close + (close - close )
zlema = ta.ema(zlema_data, length_20)
zlema_momentum = ((close - zlema) / zlema) * 100
// |----- VOLUME INDICATORS (6 indicators) -----| //
// 29. On-Balance Volume (OBV)
obv = ta.obv
// 30. Volume Rate of Change (VROC)
vroc = ta.roc(volume, length_14)
// 31. Price Volume Trend (PVT)
pvt = ta.pvt
// 32. Negative Volume Index (NVI)
nvi = 0.0
nvi := volume < volume ? nvi + ((close - close ) / close ) * nvi : nvi
// 33. Positive Volume Index (PVI)
pvi = 0.0
pvi := volume > volume ? pvi + ((close - close ) / close ) * pvi : pvi
// 34. Volume Oscillator
vol_osc = ta.sma(volume, 5) - ta.sma(volume, 10)
// 35. Ease of Movement (EOM)
eom_distance = high - low
eom_box_height = volume / 1000000
eom = eom_box_height != 0 ? eom_distance / eom_box_height : 0
eom_sma = ta.sma(eom, length_14)
// 36. Force Index
force_index = volume * (close - close )
force_index_sma = ta.sma(force_index, length_14)
// |----- VOLATILITY INDICATORS (10 indicators) -----| //
// 37. Average True Range (ATR)
atr = ta.atr(length_14)
atr_pct = (atr / close) * 100
// 38. Bollinger Bands Position
bb_basis = ta.sma(close, length_20)
bb_dev = 2.0 * ta.stdev(close, length_20)
bb_upper = bb_basis + bb_dev
bb_lower = bb_basis - bb_dev
bb_position = bb_dev != 0 ? (close - bb_basis) / bb_dev : 0
bb_width = bb_dev != 0 ? (bb_upper - bb_lower) / bb_basis * 100 : 0
// 39. Keltner Channels Position
kc_basis = ta.ema(close, length_20)
kc_range = ta.ema(ta.tr, length_20)
kc_upper = kc_basis + (2.0 * kc_range)
kc_lower = kc_basis - (2.0 * kc_range)
kc_position = kc_range != 0 ? (close - kc_basis) / kc_range : 0
// 40. Donchian Channels Position
dc_upper = ta.highest(high, length_20)
dc_lower = ta.lowest(low, length_20)
dc_basis = (dc_upper + dc_lower) / 2
dc_position = (dc_upper - dc_lower) != 0 ? (close - dc_basis) / (dc_upper - dc_lower) : 0
// 41. Standard Deviation
std_dev = ta.stdev(close, length_20)
std_dev_pct = (std_dev / close) * 100
// 42. Relative Volatility Index (RVI)
rvi_up = ta.stdev(close > close ? close : 0, length_14)
rvi_down = ta.stdev(close < close ? close : 0, length_14)
rvi_total = rvi_up + rvi_down
rvi_volatility = rvi_total != 0 ? (rvi_up / rvi_total) * 100 : 50
// 43. Historical Volatility
hv_returns = math.log(close / close )
hv = ta.stdev(hv_returns, length_20) * math.sqrt(252) * 100
// 44. Garman-Klass Volatility
gk_vol = math.log(high/low) * math.log(high/low) - (2*math.log(2)-1) * math.log(close/open) * math.log(close/open)
gk_volatility = math.sqrt(ta.sma(gk_vol, length_20)) * 100
// 45. Parkinson Volatility
park_vol = math.log(high/low) * math.log(high/low)
parkinson = math.sqrt(ta.sma(park_vol, length_20) / (4 * math.log(2))) * 100
// 46. Rogers-Satchell Volatility
rs_vol = math.log(high/close) * math.log(high/open) + math.log(low/close) * math.log(low/open)
rogers_satchell = math.sqrt(ta.sma(rs_vol, length_20)) * 100
// |----- OSCILLATOR INDICATORS (5 indicators) -----| //
// 47. Elder Ray Index
elder_bull = high - ta.ema(close, 13)
elder_bear = low - ta.ema(close, 13)
elder_power = elder_bull + elder_bear
// 48. Schaff Trend Cycle (STC)
stc_macd = ta.ema(close, 23) - ta.ema(close, 50)
stc_k = ta.stoch(stc_macd, stc_macd, stc_macd, 10)
stc_d = ta.ema(stc_k, 3)
stc = ta.stoch(stc_d, stc_d, stc_d, 10)
// 49. Coppock Curve
coppock_roc1 = ta.roc(close, 14)
coppock_roc2 = ta.roc(close, 11)
coppock = ta.wma(coppock_roc1 + coppock_roc2, 10)
// 50. Know Sure Thing (KST)
kst_roc1 = ta.roc(close, 10)
kst_roc2 = ta.roc(close, 15)
kst_roc3 = ta.roc(close, 20)
kst_roc4 = ta.roc(close, 30)
kst = ta.sma(kst_roc1, 10) + 2*ta.sma(kst_roc2, 10) + 3*ta.sma(kst_roc3, 10) + 4*ta.sma(kst_roc4, 15)
// 51. Percentage Price Oscillator (PPO)
ppo_line = ((ta.ema(close, 12) - ta.ema(close, 26)) / ta.ema(close, 26)) * 100
ppo_signal = ta.ema(ppo_line, 9)
ppo_histogram = ppo_line - ppo_signal
// |----- PLOT MAIN INDICATORS -----| //
// Plot key momentum indicators
plot(rsi_centered, title="01_RSI_Centered", color=color.purple, linewidth=1)
plot(stoch_centered, title="02_Stoch_Centered", color=color.blue, linewidth=1)
plot(williams_r, title="03_Williams_R", color=color.red, linewidth=1)
plot(macd_histogram, title="04_MACD_Histogram", color=color.orange, linewidth=1)
plot(cci, title="05_CCI", color=color.green, linewidth=1)
// Plot trend indicators
plot(sma_momentum, title="06_SMA_Momentum", color=color.navy, linewidth=1)
plot(ema_momentum, title="07_EMA_Momentum", color=color.maroon, linewidth=1)
plot(sar_trend, title="08_SAR_Trend", color=color.teal, linewidth=1)
plot(lr_slope, title="09_LR_Slope", color=color.lime, linewidth=1)
plot(mac, title="10_MAC", color=color.fuchsia, linewidth=1)
// Plot volatility indicators
plot(atr_pct, title="11_ATR_Pct", color=color.yellow, linewidth=1)
plot(bb_position, title="12_BB_Position", color=color.aqua, linewidth=1)
plot(kc_position, title="13_KC_Position", color=color.olive, linewidth=1)
plot(std_dev_pct, title="14_StdDev_Pct", color=color.silver, linewidth=1)
plot(bb_width, title="15_BB_Width", color=color.gray, linewidth=1)
// Plot volume indicators
plot(vroc, title="16_VROC", color=color.blue, linewidth=1)
plot(eom_sma, title="17_EOM", color=color.red, linewidth=1)
plot(vol_osc, title="18_Vol_Osc", color=color.green, linewidth=1)
plot(force_index_sma, title="19_Force_Index", color=color.orange, linewidth=1)
plot(obv, title="20_OBV", color=color.purple, linewidth=1)
// Plot additional oscillators
plot(ao, title="21_Awesome_Osc", color=color.navy, linewidth=1)
plot(cmo, title="22_CMO", color=color.maroon, linewidth=1)
plot(dpo, title="23_DPO", color=color.teal, linewidth=1)
plot(trix, title="24_TRIX", color=color.lime, linewidth=1)
plot(fisher, title="25_Fisher", color=color.fuchsia, linewidth=1)
// Plot more momentum indicators
plot(mfi_centered, title="26_MFI_Centered", color=color.yellow, linewidth=1)
plot(ac, title="27_AC", color=color.aqua, linewidth=1)
plot(ppo_pct, title="28_PPO_Pct", color=color.olive, linewidth=1)
plot(stoch_rsi_centered, title="29_StochRSI_Centered", color=color.silver, linewidth=1)
plot(klinger, title="30_Klinger", color=color.gray, linewidth=1)
// Plot trend continuation
plot(tii, title="31_TII", color=color.blue, linewidth=1)
plot(ichimoku_signal, title="32_Ichimoku_Signal", color=color.red, linewidth=1)
plot(mama_momentum, title="33_MAMA_Momentum", color=color.green, linewidth=1)
plot(zlema_momentum, title="34_ZLEMA_Momentum", color=color.orange, linewidth=1)
plot(bop, title="35_BOP", color=color.purple, linewidth=1)
// Plot volume continuation
plot(nvi, title="36_NVI", color=color.navy, linewidth=1)
plot(pvi, title="37_PVI", color=color.maroon, linewidth=1)
plot(momentum_pct, title="38_Momentum_Pct", color=color.teal, linewidth=1)
plot(roc, title="39_ROC", color=color.lime, linewidth=1)
plot(rvi, title="40_RVI", color=color.fuchsia, linewidth=1)
// Plot volatility continuation
plot(dc_position, title="41_DC_Position", color=color.yellow, linewidth=1)
plot(rvi_volatility, title="42_RVI_Volatility", color=color.aqua, linewidth=1)
plot(hv, title="43_Historical_Vol", color=color.olive, linewidth=1)
plot(gk_volatility, title="44_GK_Volatility", color=color.silver, linewidth=1)
plot(parkinson, title="45_Parkinson_Vol", color=color.gray, linewidth=1)
// Plot final oscillators
plot(rogers_satchell, title="46_RS_Volatility", color=color.blue, linewidth=1)
plot(elder_power, title="47_Elder_Power", color=color.red, linewidth=1)
plot(stc, title="48_STC", color=color.green, linewidth=1)
plot(coppock, title="49_Coppock", color=color.orange, linewidth=1)
plot(kst, title="50_KST", color=color.purple, linewidth=1)
// Plot final indicators
plot(ppo_histogram, title="51_PPO_Histogram", color=color.navy, linewidth=1)
plot(pvt, title="52_PVT", color=color.maroon, linewidth=1)
// |----- Reference Lines -----| //
hline(0, "Zero Line", color=color.gray, linestyle=hline.style_dashed, linewidth=1)
hline(50, "Midline", color=color.gray, linestyle=hline.style_dotted, linewidth=1)
hline(-50, "Lower Midline", color=color.gray, linestyle=hline.style_dotted, linewidth=1)
hline(25, "Upper Threshold", color=color.gray, linestyle=hline.style_dotted, linewidth=1)
hline(-25, "Lower Threshold", color=color.gray, linestyle=hline.style_dotted, linewidth=1)
// |----- Enhanced Information Table -----| //
if show_table and barstate.islast
table_position = position.top_right
table_text_size = table_size == "Tiny" ? size.tiny : table_size == "Small" ? size.small : size.normal
var table info_table = table.new(table_position, 3, 18, bgcolor=color.new(color.white, 85), border_width=1, border_color=color.gray)
// Headers
table.cell(info_table, 0, 0, 'Category', text_color=color.black, text_size=table_text_size, bgcolor=color.new(color.blue, 70))
table.cell(info_table, 1, 0, 'Indicator', text_color=color.black, text_size=table_text_size, bgcolor=color.new(color.blue, 70))
table.cell(info_table, 2, 0, 'Value', text_color=color.black, text_size=table_text_size, bgcolor=color.new(color.blue, 70))
// Key Momentum Indicators
table.cell(info_table, 0, 1, 'MOMENTUM', text_color=color.purple, text_size=table_text_size, bgcolor=color.new(color.purple, 90))
table.cell(info_table, 1, 1, 'RSI Centered', text_color=color.purple, text_size=table_text_size)
table.cell(info_table, 2, 1, str.tostring(rsi_centered, '0.00'), text_color=color.purple, text_size=table_text_size)
table.cell(info_table, 0, 2, '', text_color=color.blue, text_size=table_text_size)
table.cell(info_table, 1, 2, 'Stoch Centered', text_color=color.blue, text_size=table_text_size)
table.cell(info_table, 2, 2, str.tostring(stoch_centered, '0.00'), text_color=color.blue, text_size=table_text_size)
table.cell(info_table, 0, 3, '', text_color=color.red, text_size=table_text_size)
table.cell(info_table, 1, 3, 'Williams %R', text_color=color.red, text_size=table_text_size)
table.cell(info_table, 2, 3, str.tostring(williams_r, '0.00'), text_color=color.red, text_size=table_text_size)
table.cell(info_table, 0, 4, '', text_color=color.orange, text_size=table_text_size)
table.cell(info_table, 1, 4, 'MACD Histogram', text_color=color.orange, text_size=table_text_size)
table.cell(info_table, 2, 4, str.tostring(macd_histogram, '0.000'), text_color=color.orange, text_size=table_text_size)
table.cell(info_table, 0, 5, '', text_color=color.green, text_size=table_text_size)
table.cell(info_table, 1, 5, 'CCI', text_color=color.green, text_size=table_text_size)
table.cell(info_table, 2, 5, str.tostring(cci, '0.00'), text_color=color.green, text_size=table_text_size)
// Key Trend Indicators
table.cell(info_table, 0, 6, 'TREND', text_color=color.navy, text_size=table_text_size, bgcolor=color.new(color.navy, 90))
table.cell(info_table, 1, 6, 'SMA Momentum %', text_color=color.navy, text_size=table_text_size)
table.cell(info_table, 2, 6, str.tostring(sma_momentum, '0.00'), text_color=color.navy, text_size=table_text_size)
table.cell(info_table, 0, 7, '', text_color=color.maroon, text_size=table_text_size)
table.cell(info_table, 1, 7, 'EMA Momentum %', text_color=color.maroon, text_size=table_text_size)
table.cell(info_table, 2, 7, str.tostring(ema_momentum, '0.00'), text_color=color.maroon, text_size=table_text_size)
table.cell(info_table, 0, 8, '', text_color=color.teal, text_size=table_text_size)
table.cell(info_table, 1, 8, 'SAR Trend', text_color=color.teal, text_size=table_text_size)
table.cell(info_table, 2, 8, str.tostring(sar_trend, '0'), text_color=color.teal, text_size=table_text_size)
table.cell(info_table, 0, 9, '', text_color=color.lime, text_size=table_text_size)
table.cell(info_table, 1, 9, 'Linear Regression', text_color=color.lime, text_size=table_text_size)
table.cell(info_table, 2, 9, str.tostring(lr_slope, '0.000'), text_color=color.lime, text_size=table_text_size)
// Key Volatility Indicators
table.cell(info_table, 0, 10, 'VOLATILITY', text_color=color.yellow, text_size=table_text_size, bgcolor=color.new(color.yellow, 90))
table.cell(info_table, 1, 10, 'ATR %', text_color=color.yellow, text_size=table_text_size)
table.cell(info_table, 2, 10, str.tostring(atr_pct, '0.00'), text_color=color.yellow, text_size=table_text_size)
table.cell(info_table, 0, 11, '', text_color=color.aqua, text_size=table_text_size)
table.cell(info_table, 1, 11, 'BB Position', text_color=color.aqua, text_size=table_text_size)
table.cell(info_table, 2, 11, str.tostring(bb_position, '0.00'), text_color=color.aqua, text_size=table_text_size)
table.cell(info_table, 0, 12, '', text_color=color.olive, text_size=table_text_size)
table.cell(info_table, 1, 12, 'KC Position', text_color=color.olive, text_size=table_text_size)
table.cell(info_table, 2, 12, str.tostring(kc_position, '0.00'), text_color=color.olive, text_size=table_text_size)
// Key Volume Indicators
table.cell(info_table, 0, 13, 'VOLUME', text_color=color.blue, text_size=table_text_size, bgcolor=color.new(color.blue, 90))
table.cell(info_table, 1, 13, 'Volume ROC', text_color=color.blue, text_size=table_text_size)
table.cell(info_table, 2, 13, str.tostring(vroc, '0.00'), text_color=color.blue, text_size=table_text_size)
table.cell(info_table, 0, 14, '', text_color=color.red, text_size=table_text_size)
table.cell(info_table, 1, 14, 'EOM', text_color=color.red, text_size=table_text_size)
table.cell(info_table, 2, 14, str.tostring(eom_sma, '0.000'), text_color=color.red, text_size=table_text_size)
// Key Oscillators
table.cell(info_table, 0, 15, 'OSCILLATORS', text_color=color.purple, text_size=table_text_size, bgcolor=color.new(color.purple, 90))
table.cell(info_table, 1, 15, 'Awesome Osc', text_color=color.blue, text_size=table_text_size)
table.cell(info_table, 2, 15, str.tostring(ao, '0.000'), text_color=color.blue, text_size=table_text_size)
table.cell(info_table, 0, 16, '', text_color=color.red, text_size=table_text_size)
table.cell(info_table, 1, 16, 'Fisher Transform', text_color=color.red, text_size=table_text_size)
table.cell(info_table, 2, 16, str.tostring(fisher, '0.000'), text_color=color.red, text_size=table_text_size)
// Summary Statistics
table.cell(info_table, 0, 17, 'SUMMARY', text_color=color.black, text_size=table_text_size, bgcolor=color.new(color.gray, 70))
table.cell(info_table, 1, 17, 'Total Indicators: 52', text_color=color.black, text_size=table_text_size)
regime_color = rsi_centered > 10 ? color.green : rsi_centered < -10 ? color.red : color.gray
regime_text = rsi_centered > 10 ? "BULLISH" : rsi_centered < -10 ? "BEARISH" : "NEUTRAL"
table.cell(info_table, 2, 17, regime_text, text_color=regime_color, text_size=table_text_size)
This makes it the perfect “indicator backbone” for quantitative and systematic traders who want to prototype, combine, and test new regime detection models—especially in combination with the Markov Chain indicator.
How to use this script with the Markov Chain for research and backtesting:
Add the Enhanced Indicator Export to your chart.
Every calculated indicator is available as an individual data stream.
Connect the indicator(s) you want as custom input(s) to the Markov Chain’s “Custom Indicators” option.
In the Markov Chain indicator’s settings, turn ON the custom indicator mode.
For each of the three custom indicator inputs, select the exported plot from the Enhanced Export script—the menu lists all 45+ signals by name.
This creates a powerful, modular regime-detection engine where you can mix-and-match momentum, trend, volume, or custom combinations for advanced filtering.
Backtest regime logic directly.
Once you’ve connected your chosen indicators, the Markov Chain script performs regime detection (Bull/Neutral/Bear) based on your selected features—not just price returns.
The regime detection is robust, automatically normalized (using Z-score), and outputs bias (1, -1, 0) for plug-and-play integration.
Export the regime bias for programmatic use.
As described above, use input.source() in your Pine Script strategy or system and link the bias output.
You can now filter signals, control trade direction/size, or design pairs-trading that respect true, indicator-driven market regimes.
With this framework, you’re not limited to static or simplistic regime filters. You can rigorously define, test, and refine what “market regime” means for your strategies—using the technical features that matter most to you.
Optimize your signal generation by backtesting across a universe of meaningful indicator blends.
Enhance risk management with objective, real-time regime boundaries.
Accelerate your research: iterate quickly, swap indicator components, and see results with minimal code changes.
Automate multi-asset or pairs-trading by integrating regime context directly into strategy logic.
Add both scripts to your chart, connect your preferred features, and start investigating your best regime-based trades—entirely within the TradingView ecosystem.
References & Further Reading
Ang, A., & Bekaert, G. (2002). “Regime Switches in Interest Rates.” Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, 20(2), 163–182.
Hamilton, J. D. (1989). “A New Approach to the Economic Analysis of Nonstationary Time Series and the Business Cycle.” Econometrica, 57(2), 357–384.
Markov, A. A. (1906). "Extension of the Limit Theorems of Probability Theory to a Sum of Variables Connected in a Chain." The Notes of the Imperial Academy of Sciences of St. Petersburg.
Guidolin, M., & Timmermann, A. (2007). “Asset Allocation under Multivariate Regime Switching.” Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, 31(11), 3503–3544.
Murphy, J. J. (1999). Technical Analysis of the Financial Markets. New York Institute of Finance.
Brock, W., Lakonishok, J., & LeBaron, B. (1992). “Simple Technical Trading Rules and the Stochastic Properties of Stock Returns.” Journal of Finance, 47(5), 1731–1764.
Zucchini, W., MacDonald, I. L., & Langrock, R. (2017). Hidden Markov Models for Time Series: An Introduction Using R (2nd ed.). Chapman and Hall/CRC.
On Quantitative Finance and Markov Models:
Lo, A. W., & Hasanhodzic, J. (2009). The Heretics of Finance: Conversations with Leading Practitioners of Technical Analysis. Bloomberg Press.
Patterson, S. (2016). The Man Who Solved the Market: How Jim Simons Launched the Quant Revolution. Penguin Press.
TradingView Pine Script Documentation: www.tradingview.com
TradingView Blog: “Use an Input From Another Indicator With Your Strategy” www.tradingview.com
GeeksforGeeks: “What is the Difference Between Markov Chains and Hidden Markov Models?” www.geeksforgeeks.org
What makes this indicator original and unique?
- On‑chart, real‑time Markov. The chain is drawn directly on your chart. You see the current regime, its tendency to stay (self‑loop), and the usual next step (arrows) as bars confirm.
- Source‑agnostic by design. The engine runs on any series you select via input.source() — price, your own oscillator, a composite score, anything you compute in the script.
- Automatic normalization + regime mapping. Different inputs live on different scales. The script standardizes your chosen source and maps it into clear regimes (e.g., Bull / Bear / Neutral) without you micromanaging thresholds each time.
- Rolling, bar‑by‑bar learning. Transition tendencies are computed from a rolling window of confirmed bars. What you see is exactly what the market did in that window.
- Fast experimentation. Switch the source, adjust the window, and the Markov view updates instantly. It’s a rapid way to test ideas and feel regime persistence/switch behavior.
Integrate your own signals (using input.source())
- In settings, choose the Source . This is powered by input.source() .
- Feed it price, an indicator you compute inside the script, or a custom composite series.
- The script will automatically normalize that series and process it through the Markov engine, mapping it to regimes and updating the on‑chart spheres/arrows in real time.
Credits:
Deep gratitude to @RicardoSantos for both the foundational Markov chain processing engine and inspiring open-source contributions, which made advanced probabilistic market modeling accessible to the TradingView community.
Special thanks to @Alien_Algorithms for the innovative and visually stunning 3D sphere logic that powers the indicator’s animated, regime-based visualization.
Disclaimer
This tool summarizes recent behavior. It is not financial advice and not a guarantee of future results.
Comparaison DXY, VIX, SPX, DJI, GVZPine Script indicator compares the normalized values of DXY, VIX, SPX, DJI, and GVZ indices on a single scale from 0 to 100. Here's a breakdown of what it does:
Data Requests: Gets closing prices for:
US Dollar Index (DXY)
VIX Volatility Index
S&P 500 (SPX)
Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJI)
Gold Volatility Index (GVZ)
Normalization: Each index is normalized using a 500-period lookback to scale values between 0-100, making them comparable despite different price scales.
Visualization:
Plots each normalized index with distinct colors
Adds a dotted midline at 50 for reference
Uses thicker linewidth (2) for better visibility
Timeframe Flexibility: Works on any chart timeframe since it uses timeframe.period
This is useful for:
Comparing relative strength/weakness between these key market indicators
Identifying divergences or convergences in their movements
Seeing how different asset classes (currencies, equities, volatility) relate
You could enhance this by:
Adding correlation calculations between pairs
Including options to adjust the normalization period
Adding alerts when instruments diverge beyond certain thresholds
Including volume or other metrics alongside price
Hurst Exponent Adaptive Filter (HEAF) [PhenLabs]📊 PhenLabs - Hurst Exponent Adaptive Filter (HEAF)
Version: PineScript™ v6
📌 Description
The Hurst Exponent Adaptive Filter (HEAF) is an advanced Pine Script indicator designed to dynamically adjust moving average calculations based on real time market regimes detected through the Hurst Exponent. The intention behind the creation of this indicator was not a buy/sell indicator but rather a tool to help sharpen traders ability to distinguish regimes in the market mathematically rather than guessing. By analyzing price persistence, it identifies whether the market is trending, mean-reverting, or exhibiting random walk behavior, automatically adapting the MA length to provide more responsive alerts in volatile conditions and smoother outputs in stable ones. This helps traders avoid false signals in choppy markets and capitalize on strong trends, making it ideal for adaptive trading strategies across various timeframes and assets.
Unlike traditional moving averages, HEAF incorporates fractal dimension analysis via the Hurst Exponent to create a self-tuning filter that evolves with market conditions. Traders benefit from visual cues like color coded regimes, adaptive bands for volatility channels, and an information panel that suggests appropriate strategies, enhancing decision making without constant manual adjustments by the user.
🚀 Points of Innovation
Dynamic MA length adjustment using Hurst Exponent for regime-aware filtering, reducing lag in trends and noise in ranges.
Integrated market regime classification (trending, mean-reverting, random) with visual and alert-based notifications.
Customizable color themes and adaptive bands that incorporate ATR for volatility-adjusted channels.
Built-in information panel providing real-time strategy recommendations based on detected regimes.
Power sensitivity parameter to fine-tune adaptation aggressiveness, allowing personalization for different trading styles.
Support for multiple MA types (EMA, SMA, WMA) within an adaptive framework.
🔧 Core Components
Hurst Exponent Calculation: Computes the fractal dimension of price series over a user-defined lookback to detect market persistence or anti-persistence.
Adaptive Length Mechanism: Maps Hurst values to MA lengths between minimum and maximum bounds, using a power function for sensitivity control.
Moving Average Engine: Applies the chosen MA type (EMA, SMA, or WMA) to the adaptive length for the core filter line.
Adaptive Bands: Creates upper and lower channels using ATR multiplied by a band factor, scaled to the current adaptive length.
Regime Detection: Classifies market state with thresholds (e.g., >0.55 for trending) and triggers alerts on regime changes.
Visualization System: Includes gradient fills, regime-colored MA lines, and an info panel for at-a-glance insights.
🔥 Key Features
Regime-Adaptive Filtering: Automatically shortens MA in mean-reverting markets for quick responses and lengthens it in trends for smoother signals, helping traders stay aligned with market dynamics.
Custom Alerts: Notifies on regime shifts and band breakouts, enabling timely strategy adjustments like switching to trend-following in bullish regimes.
Visual Enhancements: Color-coded MA lines, gradient band fills, and an optional info panel that displays market state and trading tips, improving chart readability.
Flexible Settings: Adjustable lookback, min/max lengths, sensitivity power, MA type, and themes to suit various assets and timeframes.
Band Breakout Signals: Highlights potential overbought/oversold conditions via ATR-based channels, useful for entry/exit timing.
🎨 Visualization
Main Adaptive MA Line: Plotted with regime-based colors (e.g., green for trending) to visually indicate market state and filter position relative to price.
Adaptive Bands: Upper and lower lines with gradient fills between them, showing volatility channels that widen in random regimes and tighten in trends.
Price vs. MA Fills: Color-coded areas between price and MA (e.g., bullish green above MA in trending modes) for quick trend strength assessment.
Information Panel: Top-right table displaying current regime (e.g., "Trending Market") and strategy suggestions like "Follow trends" or "Trade ranges."
📖 Usage Guidelines
Core Settings
Hurst Lookback Period
Default: 100
Range: 20-500
Description: Sets the period for Hurst Exponent calculation; longer values provide more stable regime detection but may lag, while shorter ones are more responsive to recent changes.
Minimum MA Length
Default: 10
Range: 5-50
Description: Defines the shortest possible adaptive MA length, ideal for fast responses in mean-reverting conditions.
Maximum MA Length
Default: 200
Range: 50-500
Description: Sets the longest adaptive MA length for smoothing in strong trends; adjust based on asset volatility.
Sensitivity Power
Default: 2.0
Range: 1.0-5.0
Description: Controls how aggressively the length adapts to Hurst changes; higher values make it more sensitive to regime shifts.
MA Type
Default: EMA
Options: EMA, SMA, WMA
Description: Chooses the moving average calculation method; EMA is more responsive, while SMA/WMA offer different weighting.
🖼️ Visual Settings
Show Adaptive Bands
Default: True
Description: Toggles visibility of upper/lower bands for volatility channels.
Band Multiplier
Default: 1.5
Range: 0.5-3.0
Description: Scales band width using ATR; higher values create wider channels for conservative signals.
Show Information Panel
Default: True
Description: Displays regime info and strategy tips in a top-right panel.
MA Line Width
Default: 2
Range: 1-5
Description: Adjusts thickness of the main MA line for better visibility.
Color Theme
Default: Blue
Options: Blue, Classic, Dark Purple, Vibrant
Description: Selects color scheme for MA, bands, and fills to match user preferences.
🚨 Alert Settings
Enable Alerts
Default: True
Description: Activates notifications for regime changes and band breakouts.
✅ Best Use Cases
Trend-Following Strategies: In detected trending regimes, use the adaptive MA as a trailing stop or entry filter for momentum trades.
Range Trading: During mean-reverting periods, monitor band breakouts for buying dips or selling rallies within channels.
Risk Management in Random Markets: Reduce exposure when random walk is detected, using tight stops suggested in the info panel.
Multi-Timeframe Analysis: Apply on higher timeframes for regime confirmation, then drill down to lower ones for entries.
Volatility-Based Entries: Use upper/lower band crossovers as signals in adaptive channels for overbought/oversold trades.
⚠️ Limitations
Lagging in Transitions: Regime detection may delay during rapid market shifts, requiring confirmation from other tools.
Not a Standalone System: Best used in conjunction with other indicators; random regimes can lead to whipsaws if traded aggressively.
Parameter Sensitivity: Optimal settings vary by asset and timeframe, necessitating backtesting.
💡 What Makes This Unique
Hurst-Driven Adaptation: Unlike static MAs, it uses fractal analysis to self-tune, providing regime-specific filtering that's rare in standard indicators.
Integrated Strategy Guidance: The info panel offers actionable tips tied to regimes, bridging analysis and execution.
Multi-Regime Visualization: Combines adaptive bands, colored fills, and alerts in one tool for comprehensive market state awareness.
🔬 How It Works
Hurst Exponent Computation:
Calculates log returns over the lookback period to derive the rescaled range (R/S) ratio.
Normalizes to a 0-1 value, where >0.55 indicates trending, <0.45 mean-reverting, and in-between random.
Length Adaptation:
Maps normalized Hurst to an MA length via a power function, clamping between min and max.
Applies the selected MA type to close prices using this dynamic length.
Visualization and Signals:
Plots the MA with regime colors, adds ATR-based bands, and fills areas for trend strength.
Triggers alerts on regime changes or band crosses, with the info panel suggesting strategies like momentum riding in trends.
💡 Note:
For optimal results, backtest settings on your preferred assets and combine with volume or momentum indicators. Remember, no indicator guarantees profits—use with proper risk management. Access premium features and support at PhenLabs.
Recession Warning Model [BackQuant]Recession Warning Model
Overview
The Recession Warning Model (RWM) is a Pine Script® indicator designed to estimate the probability of an economic recession by integrating multiple macroeconomic, market sentiment, and labor market indicators. It combines over a dozen data series into a transparent, adaptive, and actionable tool for traders, portfolio managers, and researchers. The model provides customizable complexity levels, display modes, and data processing options to accommodate various analytical requirements while ensuring robustness through dynamic weighting and regime-aware adjustments.
Purpose
The RWM fulfills the need for a concise yet comprehensive tool to monitor recession risk. Unlike approaches relying on a single metric, such as yield-curve inversion, or extensive economic reports, it consolidates multiple data sources into a single probability output. The model identifies active indicators, their confidence levels, and the current economic regime, enabling users to anticipate downturns and adjust strategies accordingly.
Core Features
- Indicator Families : Incorporates 13 indicators across five categories: Yield, Labor, Sentiment, Production, and Financial Stress.
- Dynamic Weighting : Adjusts indicator weights based on recent predictive accuracy, constrained within user-defined boundaries.
- Leading and Coincident Split : Separates early-warning (leading) and confirmatory (coincident) signals, with adjustable weighting (default 60/40 mix).
- Economic Regime Sensitivity : Modulates output sensitivity based on market conditions (Expansion, Late-Cycle, Stress, Crisis), using a composite of VIX, yield-curve, financial conditions, and credit spreads.
- Display Options : Supports four modes—Probability (0-100%), Binary (four risk bins), Lead/Coincident, and Ensemble (blended probability).
- Confidence Intervals : Reflects model stability, widening during high volatility or conflicting signals.
- Alerts : Configurable thresholds (Watch, Caution, Warning, Alert) with persistence filters to minimize false signals.
- Data Export : Enables CSV output for probabilities, signals, and regimes, facilitating external analysis in Python or R.
Model Complexity Levels
Users can select from four tiers to balance simplicity and depth:
1. Essential : Focuses on three core indicators—yield-curve spread, jobless claims, and unemployment change—for minimalistic monitoring.
2. Standard : Expands to nine indicators, adding consumer confidence, PMI, VIX, S&P 500 trend, money supply vs. GDP, and the Sahm Rule.
3. Professional : Includes all 13 indicators, incorporating financial conditions, credit spreads, JOLTS vacancies, and wage growth.
4. Research : Unlocks all indicators plus experimental settings for advanced users.
Key Indicators
Below is a summary of the 13 indicators, their data sources, and economic significance:
- Yield-Curve Spread : Difference between 10-year and 3-month Treasury yields. Negative spreads signal banking sector stress.
- Jobless Claims : Four-week moving average of unemployment claims. Sustained increases indicate rising layoffs.
- Unemployment Change : Three-month change in unemployment rate. Sharp rises often precede recessions.
- Sahm Rule : Triggers when unemployment rises 0.5% above its 12-month low, a reliable recession indicator.
- Consumer Confidence : University of Michigan survey. Declines reflect household pessimism, impacting spending.
- PMI : Purchasing Managers’ Index. Values below 50 indicate manufacturing contraction.
- VIX : CBOE Volatility Index. Elevated levels suggest market anticipation of economic distress.
- S&P 500 Growth : Weekly moving average trend. Declines reduce wealth effects, curbing consumption.
- M2 + GDP Trend : Monitors money supply and real GDP. Simultaneous declines signal credit contraction.
- NFCI : Chicago Fed’s National Financial Conditions Index. Positive values indicate tighter conditions.
- Credit Spreads : Proxy for corporate bond spreads using 10-year vs. 2-year Treasury yields. Widening spreads reflect stress.
- JOLTS Vacancies : Job openings data. Significant drops precede hiring slowdowns.
- Wage Growth : Year-over-year change in average hourly earnings. Late-cycle spikes often signal economic overheating.
Data Processing
- Rate of Change (ROC) : Optionally applied to capture momentum in data series (default: 21-bar period).
- Z-Score Normalization : Standardizes indicators to a common scale (default: 252-bar lookback).
- Smoothing : Applies a short moving average to final signals (default: 5-bar period) to reduce noise.
- Binary Signals : Generated for each indicator (e.g., yield-curve inverted or PMI below 50) based on thresholds or Z-score deviations.
Probability Calculation
1. Each indicator’s binary signal is weighted according to user settings or dynamic performance.
2. Weights are normalized to sum to 100% across active indicators.
3. Leading and coincident signals are aggregated separately (if split mode is enabled) and combined using the specified mix.
4. The probability is adjusted by a regime multiplier, amplifying risk during Stress or Crisis regimes.
5. Optional smoothing ensures stable outputs.
Display and Visualization
- Probability Mode : Plots a continuous 0-100% recession probability with color gradients and confidence bands.
- Binary Mode : Categorizes risk into four levels (Minimal, Watch, Caution, Alert) for simplified dashboards.
- Lead/Coincident Mode : Displays leading and coincident probabilities separately to track signal divergence.
- Ensemble Mode : Averages traditional and split probabilities for a balanced view.
- Regime Background : Color-coded overlays (green for Expansion, orange for Late-Cycle, amber for Stress, red for Crisis).
- Analytics Table : Optional dashboard showing probability, confidence, regime, and top indicator statuses.
Practical Applications
- Asset Allocation : Adjust equity or bond exposures based on sustained probability increases.
- Risk Management : Hedge portfolios with VIX futures or options during regime shifts to Stress or Crisis.
- Sector Rotation : Shift toward defensive sectors when coincident signals rise above 50%.
- Trading Filters : Disable short-term strategies during high-risk regimes.
- Event Timing : Scale positions ahead of high-impact data releases when probability and VIX are elevated.
Configuration Guidelines
- Enable ROC and Z-score for consistent indicator comparison unless raw data is preferred.
- Use dynamic weighting with at least one economic cycle of data for optimal performance.
- Monitor stress composite scores above 80 alongside probabilities above 70 for critical risk signals.
- Adjust adaptation speed (default: 0.1) to 0.2 during Crisis regimes for faster indicator prioritization.
- Combine RWM with complementary tools (e.g., liquidity metrics) for intraday or short-term trading.
Limitations
- Macro indicators lag intraday market moves, making RWM better suited for strategic rather than tactical trading.
- Historical data availability may constrain dynamic weighting on shorter timeframes.
- Model accuracy depends on the quality and timeliness of economic data feeds.
Final Note
The Recession Warning Model provides a disciplined framework for monitoring economic downturn risks. By integrating diverse indicators with transparent weighting and regime-aware adjustments, it empowers users to make informed decisions in portfolio management, risk hedging, or macroeconomic research. Regular review of model outputs alongside market-specific tools ensures its effective application across varying market conditions.
Smart Elliott Wave [The_lurker]🔷 Smart Elliott Wave – موجات إليوت الذكية
A professional indicator for automatically detecting and analyzing Elliott Wave patterns on the chart. Built on classical Elliott Wave theory, it enhances accuracy with dynamic Fibonacci validation and geometric logic—solving the most common issues traders face when applying Elliott Wave manually: complexity, subjectivity, and misinterpretation of corrections.
🎯 Key Features
Smart Elliott Wave offers a layered intelligent system that:
- Automatically detects impulsive and corrective wave structures
- Validates wave formations using Fibonacci rules
- Highlights potential reversal zones (PRZ)
- Sends instant alerts for newly detected patterns
- Supports both bullish and bearish trends
- Includes fully customizable user settings
🧠 Core Concept
The indicator analyzes price movement over time using pivot points (discovered via `ta.pivothigh` and `ta.pivotlow`) to detect wave structures that conform to Elliott Wave sequencing:
- Impulse Wave: 0-1-2-3-4-5
- Simple Correction: ABC
- Complex Correction: WXY
Each structure is validated through a strict set of logical rules combined with Fibonacci ratio checks to ensure pattern integrity and reduce false signals.
🧩 Wave Structure Components
1️⃣ Impulse Waves
- Wave 3 is not the shortest
- Wave 4 does not overlap Wave 1
- Waves 1, 3, and 5 are impulsive; Waves 2 and 4 are corrective
- Fibonacci validation can be applied to Waves 2 and 4 if enabled
2️⃣ Simple Corrections (ABC)
- Wave B partially retraces Wave A
- Wave C completes the structure without invalid overlap
- Fibonacci ratios validate the symmetry of A, B, and C (if enabled)
3️⃣ Complex Corrections (WXY)
- Only used if ABC structure is insufficient
- Requires 6 sequential pivot points: W, X, Y
- W and Y are corrective; X is a linking wave
- Follows both structural and ratio-based validations
📏 Dynamic Fibonacci Validation
When Enable Fibonacci Rules is active:
- Validates against common ratios:
`38.2%`, `50%`, `61.8%`, `78.6%`, `127.2%`, `161.8%`
- Adjustable **Fibonacci Tolerance** allows for controlled deviation
- Patterns are ignored if ratios fall outside the accepted range
🔮 Potential Reversal Zones (PRZ)
- Calculated from the most recent completed impulse wave
- Uses Fibonacci extensions to project PRZ ahead of price
- Customizable visibility and color for each ratio
- Used as dynamic take-profit or stop-loss zones
🖍️ Dual Trend Detection & Wave Coloring
- Supports both bullish and bearish patterns
- Automatic wave coloring for quick visual recognition:
- 🟦 Blue: Bullish waves
- 🟥 Red: Bearish waves
- Optional fill color for correction zones
🔔 Smart Alert System
Instant alerts are triggered when a valid wave pattern is confirmed:
- New impulse wave detected
- ABC correction appears
- Complex WXY correction formed
> Alerts are triggered only after the bar closes to prevent repainting.
⚙️ Indicator Settings
📌 Wave Detection Settings
- Pivot Left Strength: Bars to the left used for pivot detection
- Pivot Right Strength: Bars to the right for confirmation (0 = real-time)
- Enable Fibonacci Rules: Toggle Fibonacci ratio validation
- Fibonacci Tolerance: Allowed deviation in percentage
🎨 Display Settings
- Show Previous Patterns: Toggle between all patterns or only the latest
- Fill correction zones with color
- Customize wave and PRZ color schemes
📉 PRZ Settings
- Show/hide specific Fibonacci ratios
- Customize each PRZ color
- Set maximum bar extension for PRZ display
🔕 Alert Settings
- Enable or disable alerts for each type of pattern
📚 Practical Use Cases
- Daily or intraday price structure analysis
- Combine with RSI, MACD, or momentum indicators
- Filter weak signals using Fibonacci-based pattern validation
- Use PRZ zones as dynamic entry/exit targets
- Learn and reinforce Elliott Wave theory through real-time examples
📝 Important Notes
- Setting `Pivot Right = 0` allows for real-time pattern previews (may repaint)
- Disabling Fibonacci validation increases pattern count but reduces accuracy
- TradingView limits to 500 visual objects (labels, boxes, lines); older patterns may be removed
- PRZ extends up to 100 bars or 0.618 of the previous impulse duration by default
⚠️ Disclaimer:
This indicator is for educational and analytical purposes only. It does not constitute financial, investment, or trading advice. Use it in conjunction with your own strategy and risk management. Neither TradingView nor the developer is liable for any financial decisions or losses.
🔷 Smart Elliott Wave – موجات إليوت الذكية
مؤشر احترافي لرصد وتحليل أنماط موجات إليوت تلقائيًا على الرسم البياني، يعتمد على المبادئ الكلاسيكية للنظرية مع تعزيزها بالتحقق الرياضي والهندسي، ويهدف إلى تجاوز العقبات التي يواجهها معظم المتداولين عند تطبيق موجات إليوت يدويًا، مثل صعوبة التحديد، التقديرات الذاتية، وتشويش التصحيحات.
🎯 ما الذي يميز هذا المؤشر؟
يُقدّم Smart Elliott Wave نظامًا تراكبيًا ذكيًا يقوم بـ:
رصد تلقائي للموجات (الدافعة والتصحيحية)
التحقق من صحة النموذج باستخدام قواعد فيبوناتشي
عرض مناطق الانعكاس المحتملة (PRZ)
توليد تنبيهات لحظية عند تشكّل أنماط جديدة
دعم الاتجاهين (الصاعد والهابط)
واجهة إعدادات مرنة قابلة للتخصيص الكامل
🧠 الفكرة الأساسية
يعتمد المؤشر على تحليل حركة السعر عبر تسلسل زمني من النقاط المحورية (Pivots)، والتي تُكتشف باستخدام دوال مدمجة مثل ta.pivothigh وta.pivotlow. ثم يُبني فوق هذه النقاط نماذج هندسية متوافقة مع تسلسل موجات إليوت:
الموجة الدافعة (Impulse): تسلسل 0-1-2-3-4-5
التصحيح البسيط (ABC)
التصحيح المعقد (WXY)
ويتم التحقق من كل نموذج اعتمادًا على قواعد إليوت + نسب فيبوناتشي، ما يضمن موضوعية التصنيف، ودقة التحديد.
🧩 مكوّنات التحليل:
1️⃣ الموجات الدافعة (Impulse Waves):
يُشترط أن تكون الموجة الثالثة غير الأقصر.
لا تتداخل الموجة الرابعة مع نطاق الموجة الأولى.
تأكيد أن الموجات 1 و3 و5 دافعة، و2 و4 تصحيحية.
يتم التحقق من نسب تصحيح الموجتين 2 و4 حسب قواعد فيبوناتشي عند تفعيلها.
2️⃣ التصحيح البسيط (ABC):
B تصحيح جزئي للموجة A.
C تُكمل الهيكل بدون تداخل مع A.
يتم التحقق من أطوال الموجات وفق نسب فيبوناتشي لضمان التناسق.
3️⃣ التصحيح المعقد (WXY):
لا يتم تفعيله إلا عند فشل ABC في تفسير النمط.
يتطلب 6 نقاط محورية متسلسلة: W, X, Y.
W وY تصحيحيتان، وX رابط مركزي.
يخضع أيضًا لقواعد النسب والتماثل البنائي.
📏 التحقق باستخدام نسب فيبوناتشي:
عند تفعيل خاصية Enable Fibonacci Rules، يتم التحقق الصارم من نسب تصحيح الموجات:
النسب المعتمدة:
38.2%, 50%, 61.8%, 78.6%, 127.2%, 161.8%
إذا لم تكن الموجة ضمن نطاق النسبة + نسبة التسامح (Tolerance)، يتم تجاهل النموذج.
يُستخدم هذا التحقق أيضًا لرسم مناطق الانعكاس المحتملة (PRZ).
🔮 مناطق الانعكاس المحتملة (PRZ)
تُحسب PRZ باستخدام نسب فيبوناتشي انطلاقًا من نهاية آخر موجة دافعة.
تُعرض بشكل مستطيلات شفافة أو ملونة.
يمكن تخصيص كل نسبة لونًا وشكلًا خاصًا.
تُستخدم PRZ كأداة توقع للموجة التالية أو لتحديد أهداف وقف الخسارة وجني الأرباح ديناميكيًا.
🖍️ دعم الاتجاهين وتلوين الموجات:
يدعم المؤشر النماذج الصاعدة والهابطة بشكل تلقائي.
يتم استخدام تلوين بصري لتسهيل التمييز:
الأزرق: للموجات الصاعدة
الأحمر: للموجات الهابطة
لون تعبئة مخصص لمناطق التصحيح
🔔 نظام التنبيهات الذكية
يحتوي المؤشر على تنبيهات تلقائية يتم تفعيلها عند اكتمال أي نمط جديد.
يدعم التنبيهات التالية:
موجة دافعة جديدة
تصحيح بسيط ABC
تصحيح معقد WXY
التنبيهات تُطلق بعد إغلاق الشمعة التي تحقق فيها النموذج (غير فوري Repainting-safe)
⚙️ إعدادات المؤشر
📌 إعدادات تحليل الموجة:
Pivot Left Strength: عدد الأعمدة (bars) إلى اليسار لتحديد الانعكاس
Pivot Right Strength: الأعمدة إلى اليمين لتأكيد الانعكاس (0 يعني تنبؤ لحظي)
Enable Fibonacci Rules: تفعيل/تعطيل التحقق من فيبوناتشي
Fibonacci Tolerance: نسبة التفاوت المقبولة بالنسب المئوية
🎨 إعدادات العرض:
Show Previous Patterns: إظهار كل الأنماط المكتشفة أو آخر نمط فقط
PRZ Settings:
إظهار أو إخفاء نسب معينة
تخصيص الألوان
تحديد امتداد مربع PRZ زمنيًا (Max Bars)
🔕 إعدادات التنبيهات:
تفعيل/تعطيل تنبيه عند كل نمط جديد
📚 حالات الاستخدام العملية:
تحليل الحركة السعرية في بداية كل جلسة
دمج المؤشر مع أدوات مثل RSI أو MACD للحصول على إشارات مركّبة
مراقبة الموجات التوسعية والتصحيحية على فواصل 4H / Daily
استخدام PRZ كأداة لتحديد الأهداف أو وقف الخسارة
التعلم العملي لنظرية إليوت من خلال أمثلة حية
📝 ملاحظات مهمة:
تعيين Pivot Right = 0 يعني نقاط فورية (قد يعاد رسمها لاحقًا)
تعطيل فيبوناتشي يزيد عدد النماذج، لكن قد يُضعف دقتها
TradingView يحد عدد الكائنات المرسومة (Labels, Boxes, Lines) إلى 500، مما قد يؤدي إلى حذف الأنماط الأقدم تلقائيًا
PRZ يمتد افتراضيًا حتى 100 شمعة، أو 0.618 من مدة الموجة الدافعة السابقة
⚠️ إخلاء مسؤولية:
هذا المؤشر لأغراض تعليمية وتحليلية فقط. لا يُمثل نصيحة مالية أو استثمارية أو تداولية. استخدمه بالتزامن مع استراتيجيتك الخاصة وإدارة المخاطر. لا يتحمل TradingView ولا المطور مسؤولية أي قرارات مالية أو خسائر.
Four Trading SessionsIve adapted this from someone else's script to include 4 sessions instead of 3
TradingView Indicator Description: Trading Sessions
Overview:
The "Trading Sessions" indicator, written in Pine Script v5, visually highlights major forex trading sessions (Tokyo, London, New York, and Sydney) on intraday charts. It displays session ranges as colored boxes, with optional open/close lines, average price lines, and labels showing session names, tick ranges, and average prices. Users can customize session times, time zones, colors, and display options.
Key Features:
Customizable Sessions: Supports up to four trading sessions (Tokyo, London, New York, Sydney) with user-defined names, time ranges, and time zones (e.g., "Asia/Tokyo", "America/New_York").
Visual Elements:
Draws semi-transparent boxes to mark session price ranges (high/low).
Optional dashed lines for session open and close prices.
Optional dotted line for the session's average price.
Labels displaying session name, tick range, and/or average price (configurable).
Time Zone Support: Specify time zones using IANA database names (e.g., "Australia/Sydney") or GMT notation, with a recommendation for IANA to handle daylight savings.
Display Options: Toggle session names, open/close lines, tick range, and average price visibility.
Intraday Restriction: Works only on intraday timeframes, with an error for daily/weekly/monthly charts.
Performance Optimized: Limits boxes, lines, and labels to 500 each to ensure smooth performance.
Inputs:
General Settings:
Show session names, open/close lines, tick range, and average price (all enabled by default).
Per Session (Tokyo, London, New York, Sydney):
Enable/disable session display.
Custom session name (e.g., "Tokyo").
Session time range (e.g., "0900-1500" for Tokyo).
Time zone (e.g., "Asia/Tokyo").
Session color (semi-transparent blue, orange, green, purple by default).
How It Works:
The script checks if the current bar falls within a session’s time range (adjusted for the specified time zone).
For each active session, it creates a box spanning the session’s high/low and updates it bar-by-bar.
Optional open/close lines and an average price line are drawn and updated dynamically.
Labels display user-selected metrics (name, range, average price) at the bottom of each session box.
Sessions reset daily, ensuring accurate representation across days.
Use Case:
Ideal for forex traders who want to analyze price action during specific trading sessions. The indicator helps identify session-specific volatility, key price levels, and trends, with clear visual cues and customizable settings.
Limitations:
Only works on intraday timeframes.
Limited to 500 boxes, lines, and labels to prevent performance issues.
Requires accurate time zone settings for proper session alignment.
Example:
Enable the Tokyo and New York sessions, set their respective time zones, and toggle on all display options to see colored boxes, open/close lines, average price lines, and labels with tick ranges and averages for each session.
